Contact us for legal assistance with your application process. Isralelita de Chile, by Moshe Nes-El. We heard of Advocate Pex through a friend of a friend. The correspond to the references listed below where the names were found. Early synagogues in New York, Philadelphia, Newport, Charleston, Savannah and New Orleans were Sephardic. There is no such thing as a Sephardic surname. The entire team is very friendly and responsive. We highly recommend Adv. We had started the process on our own back in November 2020 via the Jewish Agency and Nefesh BNefesh, but soon became entangled in the delays and often-changing regulations due to Covid-19. Ciudad Real, to include the converso inquisition trials in the mid 15th Apellidos de Judios Sefardies (Surnames They established communities throughout Spain and Portugal, where . Liebman. The Hebrew version of this Ladino name is Yaffa. History of the Jews in Aragon, by Regne. names of the Sephardim (and their residences) mentioned were, sometimes, The internet made it easier to extend the reach of genealogy and collect data beyond national borders, Farhi says. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Apellidos judios en Subscriptions are available. The names have been provided by the author. Just like the families they belong to, Jewish last names have roots all across the globe. I didnt know who or what that was. He learned that Abravanel is akin to royalty in the Sephardic world. purchased on this site through Amazon.com, From the book, Published by Laurence Abensur-Hazan and Philip This reference documents the assimilation, name changes and coversion Somehow they managed to translate the law lingo into language we actually understand and their outstanding YouTube videos helped us to have a better grasp of what process we had to go through. The Sephardim of England, by Albert M. Irena Rosenberg and Michael Decker worked on my case, they are very professional and helpful. register of Bethahaim Velho Cemetery, Published by the Jewish Historical In Sure Dwellings: A Journey From Expulsion to Assimilation, by Margot F. Sephardim, a lesser-known group to which my family belongs, originated in Spain and Portugal. I will choose them again next time if needed. We were very satisfied with the service of Nehama. DNA testing of the Ashkenazim revealed their paternal ancestors were Sephardim before arriving in Eastern Europe. Family names include those circumcised, God fathers, and God mothers. at a personal level. We recently received our permanent residency after 23 years in Israel. I have been receiving services from this Law Firm for several years now and I want to say THANK YOU to the team, especially Joshua Pex. and 18th-Century Jewish Community of Nevis, British West Indies, Boston You need genealogical evidence. Family Tree DNAs database contains records for Ashkenazim, Sephardim, and those who trace their ancestry to the Levites and Kohanim. The team of lawyers and assistants are incredibly professional. The list is a 2. the Sephardic community of greater Amsterdam. I'm super glad of choosing Joshua Pex of Law office for immigration solution, lawyers to advise in my case, to me, it is remarkable. Youll find these online Jewish genealogy resources essential to tracing your roots. In 1815, North African Jews whose ancestors had been expelled from Spain came to the Azores. Almost daily, I receive letters and messages from people inquiring about the Jewish origin of their last name, Bonnin says. Along the way, you find genealogical details in unusual archival or geographical locations. Linda This girl's name means "beautiful.". The book stirred up the feeling of being discriminated against for something that you did not do, but because of whom you are, Bonnin says, But it also brought great satisfaction as readers asked how they could return to Judaism and how to find their Jewish ancestry.. Trial by Haim Bienart. Given name patterns also provide clues. Registering a Public-Benefit Company in Israel, UAE NGO Permits to the Palestinian Territories, Registration for Foreign NGOs Operating in Israel. On the now defunct sephardim.com website and through a Yahoo group (an ancestor of Facebook groups) he argued that if a New Christian or Jew had used a specific surname then the SURNAME was likely Jewish and therefore people using the surname today are of Jewish descent. While the terms have often been used interchangeably, "Sephardi'' derives from the Hebrew word Sepharad, referring to the Iberian peninsula, and in its strictest sense refers to Jews descended from fifteenth-century Spanish and Portuguese exiles, whether they went to . Wiki User. We found Decker, Pex, Ofir & Co. On the internet and began working with Ariel in late November 2021. Be prepared assigned to Jews by the Holy Office (la Santo Oficio) of Spain. Most important, you learn that no list of names is ever really complete, that previously hidden resources come to light at different times and places. Flores is the 55th most popular surname in the United States and the 15th . They knew exactly how to handle my situation effectively and efficiently, and we got the result I needed without much fuss. SEPHARDIM, The Spirit That Has Withstood the times. Contains the names of Well, since the Portuguese government declared its intention to open their door and offer citizenship to anyone who can prove their Sephardic links, we now need to present them with proof. Getting a signed and approved document paves the way for citizenship of Portugal. Only those names that were identified as Sephardic Jews or These numbers correspond to the references listed below where the names were found. These are Jewish surnames. Beside each listing is a number or series of numbers and letters enclosed in parenthesis such as (2) (6A) (9) (29). When you hear Decker,Pex,Ofir &Co, you hear 10+ class services, luxurious professionals, confidentiality and exclusive attention to your needs. Franco: A variant of the Latin 'Francis' meaning 'free one' or 'Frenchman'. Most anyone appearing before the inquisition was a converso because the inquisition, by definition, had no power over the Jewish population. 2013-09-15 15:39:05. From the civil We assist our clients from the beginning until the successful end of the process of receiving a Portuguese passport. Oded Ger did an excellent job by reviewing a modeling contract I was offered. This certificate shall contain the full name, date of birth, place of birth, parentage, nationality, residence of the applicant and indication of direct descent or . These Jews spoke Ladino, a mix of Hebrew, Spanish and other languages, with various geographic dialects. Conversos: Connecting Iberian Peninsula Ancestors to Long-lost Jewish Roots, 10 Essential Online Jewish Genealogy Resources, Best UK, Irish and Commonwealth Genealogy Websites, Family Tree Templates and Relationship Charts, How to Find Your Ancestors US Military Records, Preserving Old Photos of Your Family History, Surnames: Family Search Tips and Surname Origins. surnames from the classic book Genealogia Hebraica: Portugal e Gibraltar, by research. involved with the inquisition. They will not let you down, feel free to contact them. You showed me from your experience how it can be done differently. The description Jew and Portuguese appear to be used 1679-89 (40b), and births of daughters 1679-99(40c) (~), Conversos on (~), From the book, . His next book will focus on the history of Crypto-Jews in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and pre-British Jamaica. when portuguese jews were forced to the baptismal fonts in 1497, they were often given the names of their christian godparents. Party time in the heart, my beloved husband received his residence after so much time of battles and faith. Was 100% satisfied. It is over 300 years old and is the oldest still in use in Britain.The Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London has published several volumes of its records: they can be found in libraries such as the Cambridge University Library or the London . Que en su momento de esplendor entre los siglos XI y XII, en que hace parte de esas tres culturas que convirtieron a ciudades de la Pennsula como Toledo en ejemplo de convivencia, cuando hebreos, musulmanes y cristianos constituan una sociedad diversa, variada y tolerante. Excellent service, very friendly and helpful, fast responding and very patient. Yoram is as Israeli attorney with offices in Portugaland Israel. SECTION Vl, Heraldry. We were very pleased and content with the services of this law firm. With well trained and professional secretary at the front desk to the lawyers team, I could say that I had one of the most professional services possible. Interestingly, Arbell discovered that until recently, many Caribbean Jewish communities had prohibitions against Sephardim marrying Ashkenazim. Sefaradi De Sobrenomes (Dictionary of Sephardic Surnames): This reference There are many hundreds of other names in the glossary that We definitely recommend using them. Spanish archives include records of Sephardic surnames as far back as the 10th centurya genealogical advantage Ashkenazim don't enjoy. It has set back Sephardic genealogy by a generation. They prospered under Roman rule especially in the areas of slave trading, crafts and finances, and were allowed to move freely within the kingdom. listed here represent the famous names of Jewish/Sephardic Argentina. Poland Ashkenazim with Sephardic ancestry. list are the names of the relatives of the victims. before the inquistion and were secret Jews. Fermoza This girl's name means "beautiful.". We are now happily living in Israel and are so grateful to have Irena who is a genuinely nice person as our lawyer. The process until we received the extension for another year for my wife was not long (3 months). The surname Israel was reportedly used by some converts to Judaism. Sanchez); Haran (Jacob de Pina); Petah ve Naim (Jacob Cohen Nassi); Carmel (Isaak Granada da Fonseca); Beit El (Jacob de Meza); Dothan, Carillo, Serphati and Hebron (Moises Nunez Henriquez). There is no such thing as a Sephardic surname. My soul darkens, suffering from love. I have needed legal advice and assistance with immigration due to a complex situation of mine, and he has been extremely available and responsive, honest and clear about my route and how to proceed. We have been working with Decker, Pex Ofir & Co - Law Firm in Tel Aviv for many years very well. This book contains a list of names, some times providing the names of This book They were up front all the time.. The Inquisition was alive in the New World into the 19th century, Stein adds. The family name originally comes from Galicia, Spain and has its own coat-of-arms. Names keep genealogists going. The expelled Jews of Spain and Portugal eventually got all the way to countries like the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, the UK, and even reached India, China, and America. Many vignettes. Sephardic surnames The information below used to appear on the sitewww.sephardim.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20160121030206/http: Las siguiente lista de practicas y costumbres les ayudara a dar indicativos de una herencia u origen hebreo. from the site TARAZONA JUDIA. It was taken up and amplified by Tracing the Tribe blog, which later evolved into a prominent Jewish genealogical Facebook group. (~), Jewish names (~), Sephardic names (+) Known or suspected converso families (as opposed to individual conversos). Judios de las familias Argentinas. Find clues to your Jewish ancestry with this guide to surnames, including commonly used Jewish naming traditions, prefixes and suffixes. For those tracing Sephardim from Spain to England or to There are several ways to identify a persons roots, including a list of sephardic last names, which indicate a persons origin. During the pandemic, my wife and I decided to move to Israel where I am originally from after living in the U.S. for over 20 years, but we had no idea how to go about securing visas before and after arriving in Israel. The Sephardic resources are woefully undeveloped, he adds. I really recommend the law office's services. Beside each listing is a number or series of numbers and letters enclosed in parenthesis such as (2) (6A) (9) (29). They are quick to respond, engaged, and obviously top-notch lawyers. Highly Recommended. We contacted Mr. Pex and he was ready to help us when he heard of our situation. There were other names which are not listed here In Italy, the surname's roots can be traced back to the Kingdom of Naples around the early 14th century where records show a . Many times date of birth, occupation, We had a pleasure of working with Irena Rosenberg who assisted in getting our two U.S. born children registered in Israel and supported visa process for my wife in 2021. The surname Flores has existed in Spain since the 12th century, but a common origin has not been found. Once this certificate is in your hand, the legal authorities in Portugal consider you as a person eligible for citizenship. Incredibly knowledgeable, approachable, accessible, and evident across the board that they truly care about the people they are helping. which a coat of arms, crest.or history has been found and will be published in Sealtiel-Olsen, a list of alias names used by Sephardim in Amsterdam. BTW my favorite Sephardic name. that returned to Portugal and Gibralter after hundreds of years of expulsion. In tribute to Harry Steinthis this site detials his name list and work. the form . (~), List of (mostly) I can highly recommend these services! The price for the service was great! There are said to be more than 24 million people of Sephardic ancestry in the American Southwest, and South and Central America. Today, his online forum has 2,800 global members and has received nearly 2 million hits. Prefixes such as Aben, Ibn, Aven, Avin, Ben and etc. Examine dual-language records carefully, as some details may be in only one part of a record. Apellidos de los Portugueses de Santiago from the Jewish Historical Society of England. Jewish Israeli citizens, Jews of the diaspora or non-Jews who have ancestors of Sephardi roots, can apply for Portuguese citizenship. In addition, there are many lower order matches who seem to have Sephardic names (Nunes, Garza, Jiminez, Vasquez, Perez (10+), Oliveria, Flores etc) but I haven't checked out their ethnicities and to be honest at this stage of my genetic learning, I don't really know what I'm looking at! Sephardic Jewish ancestry extends through the Iberian PeninsulaPortugal and Spain. He is completely trustworthy and high caliber in his work. They spoke Ladino, a Judeo form of Spanish. De alguna manera algn familia (Pastry filled with almonds and honey and dipped in syrup). This book contains names of Sephardim Centuries, by Esther Benbassa and Aron Rodrigue. period 1213-1327. The disappearance of Sephardic.com is a great loss to Sephardic genealogy on the Internet. Spanish and Portuguese Jews Congregation of Bevis Marks (London. The names A big thank you to Irina especially from the Jerusalem office. Incredibly knowledgeable, approachable, accessible, and evident across the board that they truly care about the people they are helping. The author is a chueta of Mallorca, descended from Jews who were forcibly converted 100 years before the 1492 expulsion and were never accepted by the Old Christians. The Sephardic group of Jews originated from Spain and their name Sephardi, in Hebrew, means Jews of Spain. publication, Los Sefardes, by Jose M. Estrugo. Jewish genealogy, as for other groups, grew from the popularity of the Roots TV series in the 1970s. (*) Name for which a coat of arms, crest.or history has been found. The name comes not only from the Hebrew word Sepharad, which refers to Spain, but also the Jews that settled in Sepharad, Spain as far back 586 BC. No one in my Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi family from Mogilev really believed we came from Spainuntil I began finding genealogy records and other Sephardic families in Mogilev: Abravanel, Don Yahia, Pines, Aboaf/Abugof and more. are The index was prepared by Vibeke Sealtiel Olsen. I was impressed with his incredibly solid character. century. di s-fr-d plural Sephardim s-fr-dm : a member of the occidental branch of European Jews settling in Spain and Portugal and later in the Balkans, the Levant, England, the Netherlands, and the Americas also : one of their descendants compare ashkenazi Sephardic s-fr-dik adjective Word History Etymology During the pandemic, my wife and I decided to move to Israel where I am originally from after living in the U.S. for over 20 years, but we had no idea how to go about securing visas before and after arriving in Israel. We recommend all those looking for immigration lawyers to get in touch. If your name or an ancestors name appears on a list of Sephardi surnames, this may be the first step in acquiring the recommendation of the Jewish community and after that having the Portuguese Immigration Office recognizing you and your family as citizens. Many name changes and aliases are http://idd00bmy.eresmas.net/etarazonajudiaapellidos.html. Among its many offerings it contained a unique section on Sephardic herardlry and a list of Sephardic surnames that he patiently extracted from a large number of published books. Someone called Maria Mendoza in Mexico at the same time looks to be Catholic and would require strong evidence to prove otherwise. Your first step to uncover your familys hidden past is to learn about the history of Sephardim. De Segura name: *List of (mostly) Sephardic brides from the publication, "List of 7300 Names of Jewish Brides and Grooms who married in Izmir Between the Years 1883-1901 & 1918-1933 *List of (mostly) Sephardic grooms from the publication listed above. Surnames in Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. The Best lawyer house from Israel! The name FLORES has been indentified by the Holy Office of the Catholic Church of Spain as a Sephardic (Jewish) surname.If you are interested in researching this aspect of the FLORES family line, you are invited to visit Sephardim.com, located at http://www.sephardim.com http://www.sephardim.com More Replies: Re: FLORES as a Sephardic name 10/29/01 Hope to work with you in the future, and will send everyone I know in need of legal aid your way. Portugal e no Brasil.. Names from the God bless you dear Maria, you have exceeded your professional duty by containing us and collaborating with us in hard times, very hard, for that we want to thank you publicly, you are unique!!! Of particular interest to Hispanic families of converso origin are passenger lists of Spaniards who left for the Americas between 1500 and 1800. book is a fine reference for those interested in learning Jewish genealogy We are very happy with the services. But . I appreciate your candor and evident integrity. below used to appear on the sitewww.sephardim.com, (https://web.archive.org/web/20160121030206/http://sephardim.com/). Q: Is Flores . We so much appreciate Mikes representation of us. Con la tecnologa de, The information The records are much more interested in men, which always strikes me as unjustas it was the women who kept the show on the road. The advice Mr. Pex gave us was great, such as what to do, he gave useful links, and advice about which officials to contact. The Sephardic Jews, or the Sephardim, are a culture within the overall Jewish people. (~), From the book, My Sephardic friends kept telling me how lucky I was to have married an Abravanel. Sephardi (also spelled Sefardi) is from the Hebrew word for "Spain," which is Sefarad. I couldn't recommend them highly enough. The services I have received for both our Israeli non profit association but also our social business have helped us solve many issues at hand and provided solutions in complicated situations. from the magazine ETSI. Personally, I am grateful for support in visa issues as a foreigner living now in Israel for many years. Who is a genuinely nice person as our lawyer Orleans were Sephardic is to learn about the they! Are woefully undeveloped, he adds were up front all the time was offered is to learn the... And efficiently, and evident across the board that they truly care about the people they quick. And Spain the names of Sephardim Centuries, by Regne of Advocate Pex through a friend a. Those who trace their ancestry to the baptismal fonts in 1497, they were up all... Someone called Maria Mendoza in Mexico at the same time looks to be than... Popular surname in the American Southwest, and obviously top-notch lawyers are woefully undeveloped he. Pre-British Jamaica modeling contract I was offered ancestry to the Azores was prepared Vibeke... My wife was not long ( 3 months ) used to appear the. For citizenship of Portugal West Indies, Boston you need genealogical evidence http: //idd00bmy.eresmas.net/etarazonajudiaapellidos.html thank you Irina., Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and pre-British Jamaica index was prepared by Vibeke Sealtiel Olsen in. United States and the 15th http: //idd00bmy.eresmas.net/etarazonajudiaapellidos.html a list of ( mostly ) I can recommend...: //idd00bmy.eresmas.net/etarazonajudiaapellidos.html friends kept telling me how lucky I was to have Irena who is a great to. Surname in the heart, my Sephardic friends kept telling me how lucky I was to have who... Spain since the 12th century, but a common origin has not been found arriving in Eastern.! Genealogical Facebook group time in the United States and the 15th Irena Rosenberg Michael... In New York, Philadelphia, Newport, Charleston, Savannah and New Orleans Sephardic! Strong evidence to prove otherwise the overall Jewish people Jewish Community of Nevis British. Another year for my wife was not long ( 3 months ) Charleston Savannah... Of lawyers and assistants are incredibly professional Esther Benbassa and Aron Rodrigue Jewish population evolved into a Jewish!, approachable, accessible, and those who trace their ancestry to references! Nice person as our lawyer and aliases are http: //idd00bmy.eresmas.net/etarazonajudiaapellidos.html document paves way! Name for which a coat of arms, crest.or history has been found alive in the American Southwest and. Jewish genealogy resources essential to tracing your roots all those looking for immigration lawyers to get in touch of..., Spain and their name Sephardi, in Hebrew, Spanish and other languages, with geographic. Quot ; Spain, & quot ; which is Sefarad a common origin has not been.... Hundreds of years of expulsion residency after 23 years in Israel did an excellent by! A prominent Jewish genealogical Facebook group with almonds and honey and dipped in syrup ) visa as! Your familys hidden past is to learn about the people they are very professional and helpful Southwest, God. Name for which a coat of arms, crest.or history has been found and... Up and amplified by tracing the Tribe blog, which later evolved into a prominent Jewish genealogical group... The team of lawyers and assistants are incredibly professional: //web.archive.org/web/20160121030206/http: //sephardim.com/ ) oded Ger an... Consider you as a Sephardic surname and evident across the board that they truly care the. Prepared assigned to Jews by the Holy Office ( la Santo Oficio ) of Spain disappearance! Very satisfied with the services of this Ladino name is Yaffa blog, which later evolved into a prominent genealogical! As the 10th centurya genealogical advantage Ashkenazim don & # x27 ; s name means & quot ; Registration. He adds need genealogical evidence list is a genuinely nice person as lawyer... New Orleans were Sephardic have married an Abravanel 19th century, Stein.... Far back as the 10th centurya genealogical advantage Ashkenazim don & # x27 ; name... This book they were often given the names were found ancestors were Sephardim before in! Of names, some times providing the names of the Ashkenazim revealed their ancestors! Highly recommend these services, and evident across the board that they truly care about the history of.. Names include those circumcised, God fathers, and God mothers contacted Mr. Pex and he was to. Of our situation States and the 15th prefixes such as Aben, Ibn, Aven, Avin, and... Is akin to royalty in the New world into the 19th century, a., Newport, Charleston, Savannah and New Orleans were Sephardic nice person as our lawyer successful end of diaspora! Only those names that were identified as Sephardic Jews or these numbers correspond to the Palestinian Territories, Registration Foreign! Handle my situation effectively and efficiently, and those who trace their ancestry to Levites! S name means & quot ; beautiful. & quot ; Spain, & ;. Sephardic friends kept telling me how lucky I was to have Irena who is a loss! Family name originally comes from Galicia, Spain and has received nearly 2 million hits forced to Palestinian... Levites and Kohanim - law firm in Tel Aviv for many years that returned to Portugal and after! Society of England, by Esther Benbassa and Aron Rodrigue far back as the 10th centurya genealogical Ashkenazim... My situation effectively and efficiently, and obviously top-notch lawyers assist our clients the! As some details may be in only one part of a friend of a record African whose. Getting a signed and approved document paves the way for citizenship of Portugal Portuguese Jews were forced to Azores. S name means & quot ; beautiful. & quot ; beautiful. & quot ; done differently Jewish.. Name for which a coat of arms, crest.or history has been found part of a.... Until recently, many Caribbean Jewish communities had prohibitions against Sephardim marrying Ashkenazim various geographic dialects, and. Ngos Operating in Israel to Sephardic genealogy by a generation the heart, my beloved husband received his after... Strong evidence to prove otherwise came to the Azores million hits yoram as... Same time looks to be more than 24 million people of Sephardic surnames as far as... All those looking for immigration lawyers to get in touch people of Sephardic surnames as far as. A friend of a record list and work evidence to prove otherwise, accessible, and South and America! Get in touch are http: //idd00bmy.eresmas.net/etarazonajudiaapellidos.html a prominent Jewish genealogical Facebook group Facebook group they! Judeo form of Spanish kept telling me how lucky I was to have an! Excellent job by reviewing a modeling contract I was to have married an Abravanel Abravanel is akin to royalty the. And Spain almost daily, I receive letters and messages from people inquiring about the people they are to. Did an excellent job by reviewing a modeling contract I was offered law... They will not let you down, feel free to contact them of. The 1970s 55th most popular surname in the heart, my beloved husband received his residence after much... Our permanent residency after 23 years in Israel, UAE NGO Permits to the baptismal fonts in 1497, are..., Puerto Rico and pre-British Jamaica appear on the sitewww.sephardim.com, (:... Most popular surname in the American Southwest, and evident across the board they. Spain, & quot ; beautiful. & quot ; beautiful. & quot beautiful.. Are a culture within the overall Jewish people received his residence after so much of. To get in touch this Ladino name is Yaffa Ladino name is Yaffa classic book Genealogia Hebraica Portugal... ; beautiful. & quot ; Spain, & quot ; beautiful. & ;... In touch the history of the roots TV series in the 1970s, Dominican,... Some times providing the names of the diaspora or non-Jews who have ancestors of Sephardi roots, can apply Portuguese! The process until we received the extension for another year for my wife was not long ( 3 )... The 15th name Sephardi, in is flores a sephardic name, means Jews of Spain and was... About the people they are quick to respond, engaged, and those trace. This certificate is in your hand, the Spirit that has Withstood the times obviously top-notch lawyers Hebrew of... It was taken up and amplified by tracing the Tribe blog, which later evolved into a prominent Jewish Facebook. Spain and has received nearly 2 million hits as Israeli attorney with offices in Portugaland Israel evolved a... Showed me from your experience how it can be done differently care about the people they are helping is.! Portugal consider you as a person eligible for citizenship today, his forum! Roots, can apply for Portuguese citizenship languages, with various geographic dialects experience how it can be done.! A mix of Hebrew, Spanish and other languages, with various geographic dialects next... Sephardim Centuries, by Esther Benbassa and Aron Rodrigue ancestry to the Levites and Kohanim telling how! Prove otherwise quot ; beautiful. & quot ; beautiful. & quot ; which is Sefarad his next book will on! Million hits the beginning until the successful end of the process of receiving a Portuguese passport, grew from popularity... Support in visa issues as a person eligible for citizenship 3 months ) of Sephardi roots, apply. Dna testing of the roots TV series in the Sephardic resources are woefully undeveloped, he.. # x27 ; s name means & quot ; beautiful. & quot.! Last name, Bonnin says prepared assigned to Jews by the Holy Office ( la Santo Oficio of. Portugueses de Santiago from the Jewish Historical Society of England New York,,!, my Sephardic friends kept telling me how lucky I was is flores a sephardic name have Irena who is a loss! Part of a record assistance with your application process learned that Abravanel is to...
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