In 2017, about 29 million immigrants were working or looking for work in the U.S., making up some 17% of the total civilian labor force. India tops that list in 21 states. That means just less than half of all respondents believe that Indian Americans face a greater degree of discrimination than at least one other minority group. Vietnamese Americans are the largest Asian origin group by population in four states (Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Nebraska); Hmong Americans are the largest in Minnesota and Wisconsin; and Korean Americans are the largest in Alabama. Finally, volunteering or working on a political campaign appears to be the least common form of political engagement. 54 Devesh Kapur, The Power of Indians Abroad, Foreign Policy, May 13, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/. Given the degree of partisan polarization present in U.S. politics, the survey examines how much this polarization is present within the Indian American community as well. Figure 30 provides the geographic distribution of survey respondents by state of residence. According to IAAS data, 54 percent of respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith (see figure 6). Five percent responded dont know. Overall, the distribution is skewed in favor of a social network populated with relatively more people of Indian origin. where they are the largest immigrant group. Around 337,000 immigrants were deported from the U.S. in fiscal 2018, up since 2017. Muslims and Christians are significantly more likely than Hindus to say that religion is very important to thema gap of nearly 30 percentage points. Devesh Kapur is the Starr Foundation Professor of South Asian Studies and director of Asia Programs at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). Still others reject hyphenation entirely, preferring to be known simply as American. For instance, former Louisiana governor Bobby Jindal declared in 2015, I do not believe in hyphenated Americans. Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey. Furthermore, the earlier version of the chart incorrectly showed thepartialyear shares of Hispanic and Asian recent arrivals in 2015; the correctedcompleteyear shares are 31% and 36%, respectively. How Do Indian Americans View India? This is a genuine puzzle. Although Indian American is a contested category, the survey attempts to understand how respondents perceive the push and pull between different aspects of their identity. While immigration has been at the forefront of a national political debate, the U.S. public holds a range of views about immigrants living in the country. Cuba 16,367. . Nineteen percent of them are not comfortable having close friends associated with the BJP. 2 (2016): 283301. The share of Indian Americans who pray either several times a day or once a day is slightly below the U.S. average (46 percent according to Pew survey data).26 Another 20 percent of Indian Americans report taking part in prayer a few times a week or once a week, while 11 percent pray at least a few times a month. However, Hindus and Muslims exhibit less comfort when it comes to having close friends of the opposite faith. Table 1 provides a demographic profile of the IAAS sample in comparison to the Indian American sample in the 2018 ACS. The data suggest that discrimination based on skin color is the most common form of bias: 30 percent of respondents report feeling discriminated against due to the color of their skin. Another 4 percent were born in the United States to parents also born in the United States. 9% of Minnesotans are immigrants, up from 5% in 2000 but down from 37% in the late 1800s. The modal responseselected by 38 percent of respondentsis that some of their friends are of Indian origin. . The February 2021 IAAS paper found that almost seven in ten Hindus approve of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modis performance, while just one in five Muslims feel the same.34 However, without longitudinal data, it is unclear to what extent the religious divide reflects the specificities of the current contextin which Muslims in India feel especially marginalized and discriminated againstor is instead a product of longer-term trends. 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW Followed by Cushite-Beja-Somali, Hmong, and Vietnamese. While the existence of caste discrimination in India is incontrovertible, its precise extent and intensity in the United States can be contested. In order to be eligible to serve as a respondent for the IAAS, members of YouGovs panel must self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin who resides in the United States. Thirty-three percent were born in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the United States. Media reports about caste discrimination in the technology hub of Silicon Valleywhere a large number of Indian Americans are employedand a heated controversy over whether caste should be a part of history textbooks in the state of California have brought the issue to the forefront once more.28 A 2018 survey of 1,500 South Asian Americans found that many low-caste members of numerous diaspora communities had endured firsthand experience of caste discrimination. In addition, the survey asks respondents whether, in the last twelve months, they have personally felt discriminated against. These top 20 metro areas were home to 28.7 million immigrants, or 64% of the nations total foreign-born population. When it comes to discrimination experienced by Indian Americans, a significantly larger share of foreign-born Indian Americans (59 percent) state that they have not been discriminated against on any grounds in the past year, compared to just 36 percent of U.S.-born Indian Americans (see figure 27). U.S.-born citizens report the highest levels of civic engagement, followed by foreign-born citizens and, in all categories save for one, non-citizens report the lowest levels of civic engagement. But that same visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within the community. By 2017, that number had declined by 1.7 million, or 14%. Although Indian Americans do not appear to be among the primary targets of this violenceas they were in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacksthe disquieting crime wave has cast a spotlight on the bigotry and violence many Asian immigrant populations experience in the United States.9, The official classification and self-identities of the Indian American community have posed a conundrum for more than a century, from Hindoo to Asian to South Asian to Asian Indian to Indian American to American. Indeed, even the use of the term Indian American is contested, as some members of the diaspora prefer the term South Asian American,10 which signifies solidarity with other groups hailing from the subcontinent. Pew Research Center estimates indicate that in 2065, those who identify as Asian will make up some 38% of all immigrants; as Hispanic, 31%; White, 20%; and Black, 9%. To what extent do people of Indian origin encounter discriminatory behavioron what grounds and by whom? Seventy-four percent of Hindu respondents who report not identifying with a caste nevertheless know enough to be able to identify the caste identities of their social networks. We are grateful to Ashley Grosse, Alexander Marsolais, and their colleagues at YouGov for their help with the design and execution of the survey. Among these groups, the Irish were by far the largest. 41 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks, Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415444. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. To provide an accurate picture of the Indian American community as a whole, the full sample contains both U.S. citizens and nonU.S. Contributing financially to campaigns (14 percent), contacting an elected representative or government official (12 percent), and volunteering on a political campaign (9 percent) are less popular activities.36, As with civic engagement, U.S.-born citizens are the most engaged, followed by foreign-born citizens and non-citizens (see figure 15). The remainder of the sample hails from a range of countries stretching from the United Kingdom to Trinidad & Tobago and Kenya. He was previously a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow. Of the over one million foreign born from India in the U.S., over half live in just five states. Overall, one-third of respondents report membership in an Indian American organization. Hover over a state to view the total number of immigrants and their top region of birth. Other states only made the top five list for short periods of time. This study relied on a nonrepresentative snowball sampling method to recruit respondents. Finally, respondents born in the United States are also significantly more likely to report that they have a spouse or partner who is not of Indian origin: 29 percent of U.S.-born respondents compared to just 15 percent of foreign-born respondents. However, immigrants were just as likely as the U.S. born to have a bachelors degree or more (32% and 33%, respectively). Business Insider/Andy Kiersz, data from US Census Bureau, NOW WATCH: Here's how the map of the United States has changed in 200 years. There is also important variation by ones religious identity. While we are grateful to all of our collaborators, any errors found in this study are entirely the authors. The heightened levels of discrimination that U.S.-born respondents report compared to immigrants hold true across categorieswhether skin color, gender, religion, or even caste. These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. Questions that measure social distance are often used to understand the salience of group identity and perceptions of group hierarchy, and as a basis of prediction of inter-group prejudice. Sign up for notifications from Insider! The second-biggest immigrant group in Rhode Island comes from Portugal. If half of all Indian Americans report some form discrimination, this begs the question: Who is discriminating against them? First, Hindus are more likely to report that most or all of their Indian friends are also Hindus, underscoring a greater degree of religious homogeneity in their social networks. South Korea 16,244. The second part examines the social networks of Indians in America and how they vary by respondents demographic characteristics. The Asian population in the United States has nearly doubled since 2000, and Asians are projected to be the nation's largest immigrant group by the middle of the century, according to a new. But in New Jersey, where there is a significant concentration of Indian Americans, Indian Americans are more likely to associate with their own. The number of naturalization applications has climbed in recent years, though the annual totals remain below the 1.4 million applications filed in 2007. 11 Chakravorty, Kapur, and Singh, The Other One Percent, 178. In the 1830s, the number grew to 235,000, and in the 1840sdue to a potato . The surveys initial question on whether respondents personally identify with a caste grouping is restricted to respondents who identify with Hinduism (and make up slightly more than half of the IAAS sample), where caste categories are reasonably well-defined.30 However, broader questions regarding the role that caste plays in social networks (discussed later) are asked of all respondents. However, the major distinction has to do with the intensity of this feeling, exemplified by the sharp difference in the share of respondents who report being very comfortable with friends of the opposite faith: 52 percent of Hindus are very comfortable having close Muslim friends, while 46 percent of Muslims are very comfortable having close Hindu friends. Can you name the largest immigrant groups from each continent in Norway? In addition to new arrivals, U.S. births to immigrant parents will be important to future growth in the countrys population. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. Overall, the Obama administration deported about 3 million immigrants between 2009 and 2016, a significantly higher number than the 2 million immigrants deported by the Bush administration between 2001 and 2008. New immigrant arrivals have fallen, mainly due to a decrease in the number of unauthorized immigrants coming to the U.S. 1) The term "immigrants" (or "foreign born") refers to people residing in the United States who were not U.S. citizens at birth. Second, given the presence of SCs among some non-Hindu religious groups, it is likely that the absolute number of SCsif not the percentagein the IAAS sample is higher. The percentage of the population born outside the US varies widely from state to state. Overall, Hindi is the most common mother tongue (19 percent), followed by Gujarati (14 percent), English only (10 percent), and Telugu (10 percent)the latter is the primary language of the southern states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.22 Eight percent of respondents report Tamil as their mother tongue, while 7 percent apiece report Punjabi or Bengali. 5 Devesh Kapur and Jashan Bajwa, A Study of Poverty in the Indian American Population, Johns Hopkins-SAIS, October 2020, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view. The smaller the size of a given group, the fewer opportunities individuals have of meeting someone from their same group. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. U.S. Forty-two percent of respondents who are not Indian citizens have taken advantage of the program.18. Nearlyhalf a million immigrantscall Minnesota home, a population that includes citizens and non-citizens, students and workers, and refugees who fled their home countries. It is worth pointing out that nearly one-third (32 percent) of respondents report not engaging in any of the civic or political activities listed on the survey. If the rate of population growth and influx of new immigrants from the region continues in the next couple of years, Asians will be the largest immigrant group by 2055 according to the Center. Source: aiisha5 / iStock . What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. Twenty-six percent of U.S.-born citizens report taking part in voluntary service compared to 18 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of non-citizens. IAAS data confirm this finding. The term net domestic migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another state minus people moving to another state from that state. Given the fact that the majority of younger Indian Americans below age twenty-seven are born in the United States while the opposite is true of those above age twenty-seven, YouGov oversampled younger Indian Americans between the ages of eighteen and twenty-seven to ensure that the studys analyses can make inferences about generational differences within the Indian American community. Thirty-six percent report that either all or most of their friends are of Indian origin, while 21 percent report that very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin. Specifically, this study addresses seven questions concerning the social realities of Indian Americans: This study is the third in a series of empirical papers on the Indian American community. Motivated by their emotional ties to India, as well as their rights and responsibilities as American citizens, Indian Americans have pushed the U.S. government to mount a large-scale humanitarian response.54. Lawful immigrants made up the majority of the immigrant workforce, at 21.2 million. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Both frames were constructed by stratified sampling from the full 2018 ACS one-year sample. Of the non-citizen population residing in the United States, the survey finds that 80 percent of them would accept U.S. citizenship if offeredan important preference given that Indian law forbids dual citizenship. Since 1965, when U.S. immigration laws replaced a national quota system, the number of immigrants living in the U.S. has more than quadrupled. . Andrew Daniller and Hannah Gilberstadt, Key Findings About Voter Engagement in the 2020 Election, Pew Research Center, December 14, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/14/key-findings-about-voter-engagement-in-the-2020-election/. See More by this Creator. Of this latter group, the overwhelming majority83 percentcategorize themselves as General or upper caste. While the social realities of Indian Americans are often glossed over, recent events have brought them to the fore. Fully one-third of respondentsa large proportiondo not express an opinion either way. Democrats, however, are more strident in their views toward individuals from the other party. 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. The Dallas Express is a non-profit organization funded by charitable support and advertising. Sampling weights were then post-stratified on 2016 presidential vote choice, as well as a three-way stratification of gender, age (four categories), and education (four categories), to produce the final weight. The matched cases were weighted to the sampling frames using propensity scores. 51 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?. Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. The United States is home to the largest number of immigrants a person who comes to a country to take up permanent residence (whether lawfully or unlawfully) on the planet. The top countries of origin for immigrants were the Dominican Republic (11 percent of immigrants), China (9 percent), Mexico (5 percent), Jamaica (5 percent), and India (4 percent). Mexico is the top origin country of the U.S. immigrant population. The drop in the unauthorized immigrant population can primarily be attributed to more Mexican immigrants leaving the U.S. than coming in. Hover over a state to get the total foreign-born population and double click on a state to get top county estimates. What are the demographic characteristics of Indian Americans? Conversely, second-generation Indian Americans born in the United States are more likely to embrace the terms South Asian American, Asian American, and the nonhyphenated American. The composition of immigrants changed again in the post-1965 immigration era. Some 27% of immigrants were permanent residents and 5% were temporary residents in 2017. While the former report that a slightly higher share of their social network comprises people of the same caste, if one sets aside the dont know responses, the relative differences between caste identifiers and non-identifiers is marginal. Most immigrants (77%) are in the country legally, while almost a quarter are unauthorized, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on census data adjusted for undercount. Therefore, it is likely that the sample does not fully represent the South Asian American population and could skew in favor of those who have strong views about caste. Thirty-six percent say they are somewhat comfortable and 10 percent say they are not comfortable at all. This emulates a standard set of survey questions that has long been asked by the Pew Research Center.23. Fifty-one percent of respondents who are fifty or older report praying once a day or several times a day, compared to just 29 percent of respondents between the ages of eighteen and twenty-nine. Just 24 percent of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years identify as Indian American, compared to 41 percent of those who have been here for eleven to twenty-five years and 53 percent of those who have been here for more than twenty-five years. The pattern is similar when it comes to caste, although nearly one-quarter of respondents claim they do not know what share of their friends belong to their caste group, suggesting that caste is a less salient category for a significant segment of IAAS respondents. The data for this report are derived from the 2010 American Community Survey (1% IPUMS), which provides detailed geographic, demographic and . Please join us on the important journey to make Dallas a better place! Sixteen percent of Indian Americans report being discriminated against by virtue of their Indian heritage. The survey also asks respondents how comfortable they would be if a son/daughter married someone from a particular background. Kind to each other and to everyone else in your comments. From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. 27 There is significant variation in the frequency of prayer based on respondents age. These findings raise two questions worthy of further exploration: Why does political polarization among Indian Americans differ from that characterizing Americans at large? Immigrants in the U.S. as a whole have lower levels of education than the U.S.-born population. . In fiscal 2019, a total of 30,000 refugees were resettled in the U.S. The first table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net domestic migration, while the second table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net international migration. Comments. Asian immigrants collectively comprised 28%, FBI Accused of Covering Up Buried Treasure. 46 Given how polarized views of Modi are and the fact that he has become synonymous with the BJP, it is possible thatmuch like Trump and the American contextthe asymmetry in social distance could be a product of the BJPs current leadership. Despite being one of the largest immigrant groups in the United States, Americans of Indian descent were barely represented in politics. The survey, drawing on both citizens and non-citizens in the United States, was conducted online using YouGovs proprietary panel of 1.8 million Americans and has an overall margin of error of +/- 2.8 percent. In 2018, immigrants were over three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (27% vs. 8%). Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. The states with the largest immigrant populations are California, New York, Florida, and Texas. Mexico is the top origin country of the U.S. immigrant population. It focuses on three issues: membership in Indian American organizations, divisions within the Indian American community (and the drivers of those divisions), and the role the Indian American community plays in U.S.-India relations. According to data from the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS)which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureauthere are 4.2 million people of Indian origin residing in the United States. How do Indian Americans perceive their own ethnic identity? For instance, a March 2020 Pew survey found that 79 percent of Americans agree that there is a lot or some discrimination against African Americans. She holds a PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania. For 32 states, the most common country of birth among respondents who said they were born outside the US was Mexico. Interestingly, among foreign-born respondents, twice as many men (20 percent) have a spouse of non-Indian origin compared to women (10 percent), but the gap more than disappears among those born in the United States: while 27 percent of men have a spouse of non-Indian origin, this rises to 31 percent among women. Jonathan Kay is a nonresident research assistant in the Carnegie South Asia Program. This section provides a snapshot of the Indian American population in the United States, as captured by the IAAS. The states with the largest number of immigrants from India are California, New Jersey, and New York. This study draws on a new source of empirical data to answer these and other questions. This statistic is nearly identical to the average of the American population at large. Comments. 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. Finally, Christians are more likely to self-identify as American without any hyphenation (9 percent versus 6 percent for Muslim and 4 percent for Hindus). (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax Americans were divided on future levels of immigration. 37 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, The Integration of Immigrants into American Society (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2015). Half live in just five States in India is incontrovertible, its precise extent and intensity in the late.... Same visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within community! Scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within the community U.S. citizens and 14 percent them... Their views toward individuals from the United States in politics U.S. than coming in: Why does political polarization Indian... Precise extent and intensity in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from every. 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