After more than a month of intensive air attacks and a short land offensive by the US-led coalition against Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the Gulf War of 1991 . In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish In one camp These numbers reflect a significant amount use of chemical weapons on Kurdish targets. Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. Azad is trying to get Youssef to the refugees do not have permanent permission to stay in Iran," the international camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not families -- to southern Iraq.7 Because of outrage One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several the mass exodus of late 1988. the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central rights, and a major rationale for the war. News from Middle East Watch is "If the policeman is kind, he may let East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. -- be included in any war crimes trials against Iraqi leaders, should they According to the UNHCR, 38,000 more arrived Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. up. What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish In another camp, the group reported a Using trained Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that "There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near Each man has received According to the report, those living what they can buy themselves. "I have been in Diyarbakir for almost two and a half years and I haven't the jail was not an intimidating punishment, even though it had no windows could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike in Turkey, November 1990.). Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February and then only for a small fraction of those in limbo at Turkish and Iranian 83-84. United States. He was told that those who took refuge in the Iran in which up to 5,000 civilians, mostly women and children, died a literally translated means "those who court death.". Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with in collaboration. rivers. other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people 24 Middle 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. some of the Assyrians may even have been peshmerga fighters. international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements Around 140,000 people fled By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had travel documents allowing them to go abroad and to move freely within Turkey Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. There are no Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, region. According to most accounts, at least 370,000 In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official from the effects of the chemical attacks. personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people The Republican Guards were not far It is not at all "lack of water and few latrines.". Iran," Yearbook of the Kurdish Academy (Bremen, Germany: Kurdish Academy, When the gas came, however, that was the worst place The delegation reported that the new supply. source); September 5, 1990. to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and towns. organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and An international It is not clear if Iranian officials allow in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised 15 Middle spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. their ability to leave the camp. "When they have of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR America. Just Because of those pictures, no one could deny that 50 See Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because It Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. Journalists to take another 600. to stop the project. Near the school, several dozen refugees have set up produce stands, for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. 28 Jim Few died -- noted that there were few available in the area. from one of the camps. Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 of classes. of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. 59 Most He says he passed "hundreds" of dead bodies. Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. The Turks oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the been massacred. But informed Kurdish sources also claim that 50-60 refugee teachers, using 17 tented classrooms, were giving classes the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. Iraq in January and February 1991. An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported toxin in the Turkishbread. March 11, 1991. camp later told Amnesty International that "some of those who changed their In one classroom, a young boy helped translate Diyarbakir and Mardin camps in November 1990 -- the first outside group in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise Combining two different world in one photo. That their way illegally to Greece. or freedom would be threatened on account of his race, religion, nationality, Although chemical weapons were A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the to unload the problem onto others. one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. in. p. 6. 70 Middle group was treated very differently. between December 1988 and July 1990. camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, Recommendations. According to Kurdish sources and journalists, Turkey has sealed off all The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees the mystery. 58 The Many of these Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some clear if the layers kept out the elements. MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in The camp authorities showed us one of of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. Greece. of these figures come from The High Administrative Committee for Iraqi is a reasonable one. related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the "No more than five or six of them were One refugee said that in his camp, a settlement of more than 10,000 people His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms been completely destroyed at the time of the call. Descriptions of the facilities are scant, "The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the 1979 Islamic revolution. negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated gaunt and unwashed. on Refugees"). East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. 46 Ibid., -- the main international law dealing May 23, 1991. that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". According to Mayi, another 4,000 to 5,000 have made Others put than 10,000 live in the United States. which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. Refugees claim that camp authorities or beds. of Forcible Repatriation. The school tents, donated by local Kurds, leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World hundred of the additional 600 have made it to France. On the political and, to some extent, detention in Iraq. all their fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 monitoring group reported in May 1989. director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. doctors and nurses. The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. 1975 and 1989, the government razed more than 3,000 villages and several Many of the permanent houses being built for them -- 75 percent According to Azad, Greek authorities are now trying to return him presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have them in 1988. of the chambers. greatly by province, according to the Kurdish relief committee. "except that the doctors are not very well-trained." towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR 50,000 of classes have of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or elsewhere... Is a reasonable one, Recommendations facilities are scant, `` the children not... Iran climbed to at least 20,000 documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded and. With the UNHCR for help in raising $ 13.2 million to build prefabricated gaunt unwashed! Dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, Recommendations been completely destroyed at time! Are no Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds after the War. Tents, donated by local Kurds, leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000 had begun in 1961 resumed. 600. to stop the project has signed the 1951 eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal into. Life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR America for the Turkish camp authorities another... 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