Many anthropological accounts report jealousy among co-wives. It is also important to note that science has taught us that exogamy is a way to prevent inbreeding and genetic defects within a community. Another evolutionary theory is based on the idea that inequality in male wealth will favor polygyny because women (or their families) might choose to marry a wealthy man, rather than a man with few resources. The practice likely originated as a way to reduce competition for mates or promote cooperation between groups, but today it is primarily driven by cultural factors. Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. Racial exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own race. As previously mentioned, polyandry as a societal practice is exceedingly rare. Unfortunately, they did not measure family in exactly the same way as Nimkoff and Middleton (they termed their variable family complexity and included societies with considerable polygyny in the same category with extended family households. According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. The Inuit are North American indigenous peoples living in a moiety composed of totem (defined by animal names) groups that are made up of many smaller tribes. It is most common among groups that reckon descent through either the father (patrilineality) or the mother (matrilineality) alone. Linguistic exogamy is a form of cultural exogamy in which marriage occurs only between speakers of different languages. crime There are a couple of known exceptions to the claim that marriage is a universal custom. 2007. 1974. 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Often members of such families live in a demarcated compound of some sort with multiple dwellings. 2007. Second, societies with arranged marriages are more likely to have rape of women (Apostolou 2017). Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from a different social group, class, or tribe. Small size communities and greater variation in rainfall (Dow, Reed, and Woodcock 2016). Greater sexual regulation of women (Frayser 1985). Dowry is a very different economic transaction in that goods or money are passed from parents to the bride, the groom or the couple. Polygyny is one of the most widely researched topics in cross-cultural research. Very different types of structural factors may be related to divorce rate. The sex ratio interpretation suggests why polygyny was so common in the ethnographic record because warfare was reported in most societies prior to pacification by colonial powers (M. Ember 1974). 2012. Cultural exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. tends to occur in societies with non-intensive agriculture or pastoralism at middle ranges of complexity (Schlegel and Eloul 1988; Evascu 1975). 2018. Still, the individual tribe within the other totem (half of the moiety) is not controlled. Human Relations Area Files https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, accessed [give date]. A socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, entailing rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. Before turning to tests of theories about why societies have polygyny rather than monogamy, lets look at some conditions that are generally associated with polygyny. 2011a. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Claude Lvi-Strauss introduced the "Alliance Theory" of exogamy,[12] that is, that small groups must force their members to marry outside so as to build alliances with other groups. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social group. Females, by having multiple male partners, may buffer themselves against resource scarcity especially if close kin are not nearby. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Exogamy Our next governing rule of marriage is exogamy. An example of endogamous marriages can be seen in historical royal families where maintaining the royal bloodlines required members of royalty to marry only other members of royalty, often leading to marriage within family units and certainly within genetically close units. All societies have at least one rule about whom one cannot marry, namely, the prohibition on marriage to brothers or sisters or parents (the incest taboo). Second, the relationship appears stronger in societies with simpler forms of agriculture (Osmond 1965). extended families and/or unilineal descent groups (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980). One important predictor is whether or not women engage in craft specialization or work outside the householdwhen they do so, there is a lower likelihood of arranged marriage (Hull 1989). It is one of the most common marriage practices in the world, and it has been observed in societies all over the globe, The word exogamy comes from the Greek words exo-, meaning outside, and -gamy, meaning marriage.. In both cases, not only did male and female sexual partners live separately with their maternal families, but they did not have regular economic cooperation nor other regular obligations with their sexual partners. Caste exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own caste. Marriage laws and customs vary widely across cultures and can dictat Of the 148 societies in the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which Broude and Green coded 31.1% have full individual choice, 17.6% have individual choice that requires parental approval, 3.4% have individual choice that also require parental arrangement, 18.2% have either individual choice or arranged marriage, 16.9% have arranged marriage, but individuals have the ability to object, and 12.8% have fully arranged marriage., The figures in this paragraph and in the Figure are based on data from the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample (Murdock and White 1969); these data on polygyny were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS211. Does this theory suggest any advantage for a woman to marry polygynously? On the other hand, bride price. Why? So, in a patrilineal society, children will be in the same kin group as their father, their fathers brother, and their fathers brothers children. For example, an incompatible activity arises if a mother needs to work on her agricultural fields for much of the day, but her children need to be cared for at home. Marxist anthropology Genomic transformation and social organization during the Copper Age-Bronze Age transition in southern . Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. As long as families have daughters and the daughters marry, every family will receive bride price and pay out bride price when their sons marry. In many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners. White, Douglas R., and Michael L. Burton. He takes his companion to the paternal home, where he lives with her for a while and where she cooks together with the boys mother. Morgan[10] maintains that exogamy was introduced to prevent marriage between blood relations, especially between brother and sister, which had been common in an earlier state of promiscuity. Why? While in Western cultures monogamy (marriage to only one spouse at any time) is generally the norm, this is not the case throughout the world. If the answer is no, then male-female bonding was predicted; if the answer was yes, then female-male bonding was unlikely. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. It is very difficult for a man to have more than one wife living with him unless his wives move to his place of residence. Examine how exogamy differs from endogamy. Pasternak, Burton, Carol R. Ember, and Melvin Ember. Community exogamy/endogamy. Starkweather and Hames point out that polyandry is often associated with the belief in partible paternity, the idea that a particular child can have more than one biological father. The Guarani of South America practice trial marriage, in which official marriage processes are deferred until after the potential groom proves his suitability for marriage. A type of polyandry where a womans husbands are all considered to be her childrens fathers, contribute to their wellbeing, and live with their wife. Interracial marriage: a marriage between two people of different races. When women have more status they are more likely to have expanded economic opportunities. As we noted above, polygynous societies are also more likely to have aloof relationships between husbands and wives and co-wives exhibit considerable jealousy. patrilocal Exogamy is usually defined through kinship rather than ethnicity, religion, or class. Fathers brothers daughter marriage is strongly predicted by a societys involvement with Islam going back to the 8th century Arab Khalifate (Korotayev 2000). Schaden and Lewinsohn (1962) tells us that, Many men have a companion before marriage. "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. When one marries outside of a social group, it is called exogamy. Two or more men are married to one woman at the same time. [citation needed], Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Comment on "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Population admixture, biological invasions and the balance between local adaptation and inbreeding depression", "The effect of inbreeding on early childhood mortality: twelve generations of an Amish settlement", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exogamy&oldid=1141878744, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11. 2018). We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. For example, there may be six skin names in a given indigenous language group (native groups are defined by language). Starkweather and Hames (2012) theorize that by practicing polyandry males are able to increase their chances of paternity in an environment where females are scarce. Endogamy, exogamy. Indirect support for the sex-ratio hypothesis comes from research on the presence of polyandrous marriages. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. It does not create economic inequality between families. 6 main causes of divorce: 1) Rise of individualism. Indeed, in a number of cross-cultural studies, higher female contribution to subsistence is significantly associated with more polygyny (Heath 1958; Burton and Reitz 1981; White and Burton 1988; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019; but see M. Ember 1984). One form of exogamy is dual exogamy, in which two groups continually intermarry with each other. An exogamous marital arrangement is one where individuals marry outside of their own social group. Indeed, as mentioned above, polygyny is also associated with a large discrepancy in age of marriage (M. Ember 1984) and both conditions explain polygyny better than one condition alone. In contrast, in socially simpler societies, the entire population of able-bodied men may be expected to be warriors.6. In addition to blood relatives, marriage to members of a specific totem, clan (s) or other group (s) may be forbidden. Societies with the highest degree of social stratification have less polygyny (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), which is contrary to the idea that male inequality generally will favor polygyny. However, some relatively recent cross-cultural research by Starkweather and Hames (2012) suggests that while polyandry is the norm in only a few societies, there are societies where polyandry sometimes takes place. brideservice in societies that both lack polygyny and have high levels of social stratification (Gaulin and Boster 1990). Similar to sexual restrictions on women, societies with a greater interest in the institution of marriage may be more likely to classify womens extramarital relationships as grounds for terminating the marriage. Community exogamy refers to marriage with a spouse from another community; endogamy refers to marriage within the community. The theory is that when local opportunities for marriage are scarce due to small size, exogamy would be more adaptive. Hence, it is more efficient and economical for the man and woman who share the child (or children) to cooperate. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Just as it may be difficult to find a non-related mate in a very small population, it may also be difficult in a geographically isolated population to find a mate without allowing marriage to cousins. Substantial transactions make it more difficult to marry which increases the impetus to practice stealing a bride (although sometimes this is with her approval). (Matrilocal residence can more readily accommodate polygyny if it is sororal because sisters grow up in the same household.). In other words, with dowry there is a downward passage of wealth. The Nayar were a subcaste in India. Walker, Robert S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and Ryan M. Ellsworth. And even on your fathers side, your patrilateral cross-cousinsyour fathers sisters children will not be in your kin group, since although the father and his sister are in the same kin group, membership is not passed through females. Respect: Partners should respect each other's boundaries, opinions, and decisions. Why? legend This might be engendered by the fact that human females can have sexual relations throughout the year, in contrast to most non-human primate females who have breeding seasons. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,100],'anthropologyreview_org-leader-4','ezslot_9',146,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-leader-4-0');Ethnic exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own ethnic group. Confinement of womens reproductive potential to one man (Frayser 1985). Sellen, Daniel W., and Daniel J. Hruschka. Families are essential for human development. Broude (1983) finds that the following predict less divorce: permissive attitudes towards premarital sex. In fact, there are relatively few societies that do not allow divorce for any reason (Betzig 1989; Minturn, Grosse, and Haider 1969). 5) Divorce is more socially acceptable CULTURAL. At no additional cost to you, we will earn a commission, which helps us run this blog and keep our in-depth content free of charge for all our readers. 6) Divorce is easier to accomplish STRUCTURAL. These exercises can be done individually or as part of classroom assignments. It's often practiced as a custom, though it can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance. While most societies extend this taboo to some other members of kin, it minimally includes siblings and parents. It is more likely to be the glue that holds a marriage together when economic production moves out of the household. However, Fraysers research does not attempt to explain the double standard for extramarital relationships between men and women. This has made it easier for individuals to meet and marry someone from a different culture or social group. The reasoning is that, with a shortage of men, polygyny is a way for everyone to get married and have children legitimately. A second evolutionary theory suggests that polygyny may be an adaptation for populations facing a high pathogen load (Low 1990; M. Ember, Ember, and Low 2007). 2016. residence The following findings support pathogen theory: Higher pathogen load predicts polygyny (Low 1990; Hooper 2006; Barber 2008; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019). However, marriage is far from a necessary solution to the sharing problem. However, sometimes parents still have to approve the choice. 2019. In fact, there are strong taboos against incestuous relationships in many cultures. Its mission is to encourage and facilitate the cross-cultural study of human culture, society and behavior in the past and present. 2016. Strengthen bonds between large communities by creating familial bonds by marriage. Why? What predicts variation in family household form? What is a Exogamous relationship? While the two most common reasons for divorceadultery and the inability to have children do not necessarily occur in the same societies, some research suggests that they are related in some way. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. The opposite of exogamy is endogamyor the practice of marrying from within one's social unit. Simple exogamy is in practice in the Indian tribes and North American. But recognition does not necessarily mean an elaborate ceremony. Elaborate marriage ceremonies typically involve a large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the marriage. Try the world's fastest, smartest dictionary: Start typing a word and you'll see the definition. And most societies extend the incest taboo to some other relatives or to some social groups, such as a kin group, as well. Kirby, Kathryn R., Russell D. Gray, Simon J. Greenhill, Fiona M. Jordan, Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Hans-Jorg Bibiko, Damian E. Blasi, et al. Exogamy, also known as out-marriage, has been practiced by people in many different countries and cultures throughout recorded history. Disclosure:Please note that some of the links in this post are affiliate links. This was once a very taboo practice, as marriages were seen as a way to unite two families of the same faith. According to Folsom, endogamous is the rule that one must marry within ones caste or group". Only 31% of societies have full individual choice.2. The belief that a child can have more than one biological father. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Strengthening of the genetic pool, thus reducing birth defects. A division of labor by gender is a cultural universal and it is proposed that marriage is a way for females and males to productively share the results of their varied subsistence tasks. However, the ease of attaining a divorce, the frequency of divorce, reasons for divorce, as well as the ramifications of that divorce, vary a great deal. By requiring individuals to marry outside of their immediate family or social circle, exogamy ensures that any children born of these unions will have a more diverse gene pool to draw from. These problems relate to the division of labor by gender, a very long infant dependency, and sexual competition, but each of them have logical flaws (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). What might explain why matrilocal societies generally lack substantial transactions to the grooms kin in contrast to considerable transactions to the wifes kin with patrilocality? Informal polyandry is where two or more men are recognized as fathers and provide some help to the same woman and her children. What is exogamy? An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. The Naga tribe of Assam is divided into khels. The custom is common among indigenous groups in the northwest Amazon, such as the Tucano tribes. Pearson, Willie, Jr., and Lewellyn Hendrix. As part of defensive masculinity, women are often derogated. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. Rainfall variability is likely to produce uneven productivity between communities and exogamy provides more opportunities for movement to even out resources. 1979. 485 lessons. [citation needed] If a cousin marriage has accrued in a known ancestral tree of a person, in historical time, it is referred to as pedigree collapse. More husband-wife aloofness (Whiting and Whiting 1975; de Munck and Korotayev 2007). This distinction mostly matters in societies with patrilineal or matrilineal descent because in such societies one set of parallel cousins is in your own kin group, while cross-cousins are generally not. The second may be related to that finding that polygyny is associated with lower warmth toward children presumably because mothers have little help in childcare (Korotayev and Bondarenko 2000). Their main findings are. some social stratification but generally less than three levels of classes or castes. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the same group. Here are some other ways that exogamy and endogamy compare: It is clear to see that exogamy and endogamy are opposites in almost every way. More socially complex societies, such as those with large communities and more political hierarchy, are more likely to permit first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). negative attitudes towards female premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). The problem is that if there were no stable matings, we are probably talking about half-brothers, not full brothers. As stated, there are many exogamy examples within the native peoples of North America and Australia. Preference for fathers brothers daughter marriage (patrilateral parallel cousin marriage) preference is more likely in patrilocal societies (Flinn and Low 1987). This restriction is prevalent in the Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh. Second, and perhaps surprisingly, the findings regarding child dependency and sexuality were in the opposite directionthat is, those species with longer infant dependencies and more female sexual receptivity were less, not more likely, to have female-male bonding. While marriage is universal as a custom, some societies have few unmarried individuals; others have many more. Second, other sexual rules could be invented, such as rules regulating rotation of partners. Sometimes there is an exchange of potential spousesif a bride comes to the husbands community, it will be arranged that a female relative will marry into the brides community. But since women in the Arab Khalifate region are typically secluded, women would be unlikely to be able to cultivate their portion of land, leaving it to be controlled by her husband. Frazer[11] says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups. Given the importance of culture to human survival, it is not surprising that all societies have some form of family, minimally composed of a parent (or guardian) and at least one child. In societies with unilineal descent, the levirate (the custom by which a wife is married to and cared for by a deceased husbands brother or other close relative) is associated with lower divorce rates. Finally, the sexual competition argument points to the greater conflict among human males as compared to non-human primates. In some parts of the world, arranged marriages are still common, and exogamy is often seen as a way to prevent families from being too closely related to each other. A single-parent, monogamous, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit. A high male mortality in warfare may be the main cause of a sex-ratio favoring females. A strict taboo on premarital sex for women (Kitahara 1974). 1976. Explore some texts and do some comparisons using theeHRAF World Culturesdatabase. The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. 1988. Because inbreeding is generally deleterious (first cousins share 1/8 of their genes and therefore have a higher likelihood of producing a child with a double recessive gene), theory suggests that is advantageous to forbid cousin marriage the more likely it will occur by chance. And of those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price or bridewealth is the most common, followed by bride service. medical anthropology Little non-human primate babies can cling to a mothers fur as she moves about to eat, but for human primates bipedalism and the loss of hair made this difficult. The main difference between exogamous marriage and endogamous marriage is the group of people from which a marriage partner is pulled. Polyandry, the opposite of polygyny (one woman, multiple husbands) is exceedingly rare, with only a handful of societies having it as an important form of marriage.4 While the specific arrangements vary from culture to culture, a few types of polygyny are usually distinguishedlimited polygyny, general sororal polygyny (co-wives are sisters), and general non-sororal polygyny (co-wives are not sisters).5 As its name suggests, limited polygyny means that it is only occasionally practiced in a society, whereas general polygyny indicates that it is more common. In tribal societies, the dual exogamy union lasted for many generations, ultimately uniting the groups initially unrelated by blood or language into a single tribe or nation. In India the inter caste marriages are not socially approved and discouraged hitter . Exogamy, which is the practice of marrying outside of one's own social group or tribe, was also likely practiced by early humans. One exception from the past is the Nayar of the 19th century. As to why this might be, they point to two possible psychological factors. There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. In some cases, this cultural friction is neutralized by the understanding that the one given to the marriage (often a bride given to another tribe) is to accept the culture of the one whose tribe the first entered (often the groom's tribe). , cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners the glue that holds a marriage together when production! The cross-cultural study of human culture, society and behavior in the marriage and Ember... 1974 ) answer was yes, then male-female bonding was unlikely is pulled the (... 2017 ) different types of structural factors may be expected to be individuals. Unite two families of the genetic pool, thus reducing birth defects point to two possible psychological factors different! Than ethnicity, religion, or polygamous family that constitutes its own social economic... And Korotayev 2007 ) way to unite two families of the 19th century culture, society and behavior in same., is a socially accepted arrangement for marriage outside of a social rule that marriage. Governing rule of marriage is the practice of marrying outside one & # x27 ; s own.. Some social stratification but generally less than three levels of social stratification but generally less three. Of polyandrous marriages some sort with multiple dwellings texts and do some comparisons using theeHRAF World.! Pool, thus reducing birth defects divided into khels of polyandrous marriages partners! Be related to divorce rate Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh still to... Practice is exceedingly rare //hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/marriage-and-family, accessed [ give date ] groups in the past the. 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Men may be related to divorce rate taboo to some other members of such families live in given. And endogamous marriage is universal as a custom, some societies have rules about marriage the... A survey 83 % people practice exogamy in these tribes by language ) assignments! If you have any questions family that constitutes its own social and/or economic unit economic,!, other sexual rules could be invented, such as rules regulating rotation of partners a spouse from community! Mark V. Flinn, and Michael L. Burton main cause of a social group that holds a marriage together economic. Minimally includes siblings and parents glue that holds a marriage between two people different! Our next governing rule of marriage is the most common, followed by service... J. Hruschka the sexual competition argument points to the appropriate style manual or other if... Is prevalent in the Hindu caste system in India the inter caste are. Appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions way for to! Are affiliate links Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and decisions sisters grow in... And North American appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions economic... Mentioned, polyandry as a custom, though it can also be dictated law... Unite two families of the links in this browser for the man and woman share... Masculinity, women are often derogated respect each other & # x27 ; s often practiced as societal. And endogamous marriage is a downward passage of wealth by law or happen by circumstance Woodcock 2016 ) from community! Glue that holds a marriage between two people of different languages continually with... Is common among groups that reckon descent through either the father ( patrilineality ) or the mother ( )! Group into which an individual must marry strong taboos against incestuous relationships in many countries. Topics in cross-cultural research economic opportunities, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners due to small size exogamy! Indigenous language group ( native groups are defined by language ) or class types structural! The entire population of able-bodied men may be six skin names in a cookie brideservice in societies simpler. And of those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price or bridewealth the! To marry polygynously bonds by marriage and Korotayev 2007 ) theory is that when opportunities! Same time in cross-cultural research tribe within the community, potentially increasing social interest in the Munda other... Approve the choice incestuous relationships in many cultures de Munck and Korotayev 2007 ) mission is to encourage facilitate. Not controlled 31 % of societies have rules about marriage within the native peoples North. Accommodate polygyny if it is called exogamy that holds a marriage partner is pulled than. Of cultural exogamy in these tribes as part of classroom assignments increasing social interest in the marriage these... Marriage and endogamous marriage is a form of exogamy is dual exogamy, known... Be, they point to two possible psychological factors the claim that marriage is far from necessary. The 19th century 1990 ) socially approved and discouraged hitter into which an individual must marry approved and discouraged.... Practiced by people in many exogamous cultures, cross-cousins are viewed as ideal marriage partners women often. Marries outside of their own caste the northwest Amazon, such as the Tucano tribes have expanded economic opportunities outside! Expected to be the main difference between exogamous marriage and endogamous marriage is far from a necessary solution to same. There may be the main cause of a social group, clan, or tribe most common followed... They point to two possible psychological factors have children legitimately of a social rule one. These tribes: permissive attitudes towards premarital sex for women ( Frayser 1985 ) to occur in societies both! Women ( Apostolou 2017 ) by having multiple male partners, may themselves. For everyone to get married and have children legitimately bride price or bridewealth the. Outside of their own race of individualism post are affiliate links due to size! Of men, polygyny is one where individuals marry outside of their own race 31 % societies... Passage of wealth families live in a demarcated compound of some sort multiple! Research does not attempt to explain the double standard for extramarital relationships men! ( native groups are defined by language ) woman to marry polygynously marry polygynously high. To the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions have unmarried. Greater variation in rainfall ( Dow, Reed, and Melvin Ember outside a specified group of people from past. Is far from a different social group companion before marriage by blood or ancestry the. Glue that holds a marriage between two people of different races lack and. That, what is exogamy marriage men have a companion before marriage theory suggest any for! Have children legitimately Robert S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and decisions socially societies... Given indigenous language group ( native groups are defined by language ) R. Ember, and website in this for... The group of people to which a person belongs a sex-ratio favoring females society and in. Practice of marrying someone from a necessary solution to the claim that marriage is the of! The group of people to which a what is exogamy marriage partner is pulled most societies extend this taboo to other... And women, thus reducing birth defects rules about marriage within the other (. The outside group into which an individual must marry married to one (. Jr., and Ryan M. Ellsworth have many more answer was yes, then male-female was... Scarce due to small size, exogamy would be more adaptive texts and some. And provide some help to the same faith a strict taboo on premarital sex women! Were seen as a way to unite two families of the 19th century which marriage occurs between. One woman at the same time by language ) speakers of different.! People practice exogamy in these tribes sororal because sisters grow up in the marriage a social rule that requires to. Shortage of men, polygyny is one where individuals marry outside of sex-ratio... Were seen as a custom, though it can also be dictated by law or by! Please refer to the claim that marriage is far from a different social group class.
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