Don't worry none.". A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force having to be evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the troops to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[3]. Neglected by her parents, married to an alcoholic, black, poor, uneducated, and female, few choices are left to her. Claudia's response reveals the injustice she feels with regard to the little girl's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire. Once the French forces left the Rhineland in 1930, this form of leverage with the Rhineland as collateral was no longer available to Paris, which from then on had to depend on Berlin's word that it would continue to abide by the terms of the Versailles and Locarno treaties, which stated that the Rhineland was to stay demilitarised forever. on 50-99 accounts. She reacts to the little white girl by soothing her, by promising to replace the cobbler, which shows both her own servitude and her preference for the white child over her own daughter. They could be single (with a firing room in one direction) or double (two firing rooms in opposite directions). Gros Ouvrages: These fortresses were the most important fortifications on the Maginot Line, having the sturdiest construction and the heaviest artillery. [18] Given that Germany had engaged in covert rearmament with the co-operation of the Soviet Union starting in 1921 (a fact that had become public knowledge in 1926) and that every German government had gone out of its way to insist on the moral invalidity of Versailles, claiming it was based upon the so-called Kriegsschuldlge ("War guilt lie") that Germany started the war in 1914, the French had little faith that the Germans would willingly allow the Rhineland's demilitarised status to continue forever, and believed that at some time in the future, Germany would rearm in violation of Versailles, reintroduce conscription and remilitarise the Rhineland. They fought for four years in WWI, but were done in a week in WWII." Ouvrage Rochonvillers was retained by the French Army as a command centre into the 1990s but was deactivated following the disappearance of the Soviet threat. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. Having suffered early humiliations, he takes out his frustration on the women in his life. Curiously, Cholly's hatred is directed at Darlene. Mr. Henry, an adult male character, forces Frieda into womanhood. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. the air battle, which lasted the into the fall of 1940. Still, the last French troops left the Rhineland in June 1930 in exchange for Germany accepting the Young Plan. [18] The British and Italian governments refused in subsequent diplomatic talks to define "flagrant violation", which led the French to place little hope in Anglo-Italian help if German military forces should reoccupy the Rhineland. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. [20] Faced with a manpower shortage, French planners had to rely more on older and less fit reservists, who would take longer to mobilise and would diminish the French industry because they would leave their jobs. In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. The French strategy was already set in millions of cubic feet of concrete. Claudia's assumption that sexual interaction always feels good suggests an innocence that Frieda no longer has. Then another neighbor, Miss Dunion, came in and suggested that they take Frieda to the doctor because she might be ruined, a fear that now makes Frieda weep. Instant PDF downloads. [9], Full-time Maginot Line troops were accommodated in barracks built close to the fortresses. Her differing reactions to Pecola and the little white girl further this idea. Mr. MacTeer chased Mr. Henry off, beating him first and then firing a gun at him. French cognate of Mary, which is derived from the Hebrew Mirym, a name of debated meaning. The three prostitutes are nice to her, which makes her love them.. You'll be billed after your free trial ends. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. Because she is closer to adolescence, Frieda is more vulnerable to her communitys equation of whiteness with beauty. She becomes sole breadwinner while Sammy and Pecola are still young. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. In a sense, the way the MacTeer girls read and misread the adult world echoes the Dick-and-Jane reader at the beginning of the novel. Maureen is light-skinned and wealthy. Her experience of unwanted sexual attention contrasts sharply with Pecolas rape experience, in which Pecolas father not only fails to protect her, but is the perpetrator himself. However, they can never be white, and their worship of their colonial masters and hatred of their African ancestry has turned them into a twisted and self-loathing people. 19 January 2021. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. He plays God, and refuses to deal with the subjectivity of other living things in a meaningful wayhe convinces himself that he is acting in the best interests of Bob the dog and Pecola, but the narrator makes clear that Soaphead Church has no real concern for either. As they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter The. The one adult love of his life, a woman named Velma, marries him but then leaves him soon afterward. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Winston Churchill. 14. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. In contrast, the opposing German Army Group C only contained 19 divisions, fewer than a seventh of the force committed in the Manstein Plan for the invasion of France. In her distress, Mrs. MacTeer sings about a place far from Loraine, Ohio, signifying a desire to escape her current situation. Following the Munich Agreement and the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the Germans were able to use the Czech fortifications to plan attacks that proved successful against the western fortifications (the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael is the best-known example). -Graham S. The girls misunderstanding of what their parents mean by the word "ruined" speaks to their naivet with regard to sexual matters. In analysing the Maginot Line, Ariel Ilan Roth summarised its main purpose: it was not "as popular myth would later have it, to make France invulnerable", but it was constructed "to appeal flanking far outweigh the appeal of attacking them head on". Frieda is more knowledgeable about the adult world and sometimes braver than Claudia. The 1st Army also conducted two attacks against the Maginot Line further to the east in northern Alsace. Frieda's parents believe her without question, and their reaction is to protect their daughter. She returned with her parents to the house, but Henry was gone. To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium. Based on France's experience with trench warfare during World War I, the massive Maginot Line was built in the run-up to World War II, after the Locarno Conference in 1925 gave rise to a fanciful and optimistic "Locarno spirit". These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. You'll also receive an email with the link. The old women of the community, matriarchs described with great reverence by the narrator, take care of Aunt Jimmy and she seems to get better. on 50-99 accounts. The Maginot Line was invulnerable to aerial bombings and tank fire; it featured underground railways as a backup. The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. Without the natural defensive barrier provided by the Rhine River, French generals argued that France needed a new defensive barrier made of concrete and steel to replace it. It breaks and the girls run away, scared. How Hitler's Blitzkrieg Tactic Shocked the Allies in WWII. Want 100 or more? Built between 1930 and 1940, it was one of the world's most impressive forts, yet it proved to be almost . $24.99 The line, which was supposed to be fully extended further towards the west to avoid such an occurrence, was finally scaled back in response to demands from Belgium. Feester: To worsen, especially due to lack of attention. He blames God for the suffering and waste in the world, particularly in his own life, and then he congratulates himself for having granted Pecola's wishhis magic, he believes, will work, although only Pecola will be able to see the blue eyes that she has been given. One of Cholly's happiest memories is of Blue Jack smashing a watermelon and sharing the heart with him. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. Miss Marie: Miss Marie is one of the prostitutes who live in the same building as the Breedlove family. These anti-tank obstacles extended from end to end in front of the main works, over hundreds of kilometres, interrupted only by extremely dense forests, rivers, or other nearly impassable terrains. He cannot stand contact with people, but he hoards the little bits of junk from people's everyday lives. In the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications. [50] Kaufmann and Kaufmann point to the Maginot Line along the Italian border, which "demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications when properly employed".[51]. She is lonely and imaginative. . Dont have an account? Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovi-Potonik, A. and Lang, P. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:42. Mr. MacTeer: Claudia's father, Mr. MacTeer, is not present often in the book. [18], French plans for an offensive in the 1920s were realistic, as Versailles had forbidden German conscription, and the Reichswehr was limited to 100,000 men. They were also accommodated in complexes of wooden housing adjacent to each fortress, which were more comfortable than living inside, but were not expected to survive wartime bombardment. She loses the job because Cholly shows up at her workplace drunk. "With the Maginot Line, Joffre's idea was to take these fortifications that France had had for 200 years and bring them into the mid-20th century," says Kirchubel. 2. However, when the Germans attacked . Struggling with distance learning? Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Frieda ran from the house to find her parents, who were in the garden, and told them what had happened. "They cashed in their chips. The line included the following retractable turrets. She depends upon their interpretation of what has taken place in order to understand it herself. The fear in the little white girl's eyes suggests she has been taught to fear black people. During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. ! During peacetime, fortresses were only partly manned by full-time troops. The white hunters are out of his reach; for all intents and purposes they are invincible (although later, as a grown man, Cholly learns to hate and kill white men). [20] The drop in the birth rate during and after the war, resulting in a national shortage of young men, created an "echo" effect on the generation that provided the French conscript army in the mid-1930s. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Purchasing The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. He knows his father's nameSamson Fullerand he finds him gambling in an alley, but his father has long since forgotten that he had a son. They find the house and see Pecola sitting on the stoop outside. Check out the Hackenberg Maginot Fort, now a military museum offering tours, and the Schoenenbourg Fort. [18] The French assumption was always that Germany would not go to war without conscription, which would allow the German Army to take advantage of the Reich's numerical superiority. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. This preoccupation takes on a sinister edge, as we know that the Breedlove family tree ceases to branch out in a normal manner when Cholly rapes his own daughter. For African Americans it suggests the possibility of interracial heritage, which may carry with it . Cholly is supposed to be taken in by an uncle, but the humiliation by the river is the catalyst for him running away from home to find his father. [12], The great conclusion that was drawn in Paris after the Ruhrkampf and the 1924 London Conference was that France could not make unilateral military moves to uphold Versailles as the resulting British hostility to such moves was too dangerous to the republic. A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. Purchasing She allows the girls inside. "[44], The psychological factor of the Maginot Line has also been discussed. Read an in-depth analysis of Pecola Breedlove. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Please wait while we process your payment. Pauline's narrative is very conversational, using the diction, grammar, and rhythm of oral Black-American English. This let the French concentrate their best armies and their mechanized troops in the open . Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. But when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, they quickly backed out of the Treaty of Versailles and began equipping for a much different kind of war. "That's the part that fell apart for the Allies.". Patreon: https://www.patr. [23] The fact that the Wehrmacht embraced the strategy of Blitzkrieg (Lightning War) with the vision of swift wars in which Germany would win quickly via a knockout blow was a testament to the fundamental soundness of the concept of la guerre de longue dure. Claudia attempts to assuage Frieda's fear by telling her that, they walk around the side of the building to try the side door, they encounter, the prostitutes give her pretty dresses and shoes, take her to the movies, and that, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Struggling with distance learning? It was a series of bunkers, forts, turrets, and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. Claudia and Frieda run away and decide that even though Pecolas mother works on the other side of town, Friedas situation is dire enough that they should go find her. The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. With the advent of French nuclear weapons in the early 1960s, the line became an expensive anachronism. Many believe it to mean "sea of bitterness" or "sea of sorrow." However, some sources cite the alternative definitions of "rebellion," "wished-for child," and "mistress or lady of the sea." The name is borne in the Bible by the mother . The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . In discussion with General Brousseau, the commander of the Metz sector and other officers, the general outlined the French problem in extending the line to the sea in that placing the line along the Belgian-German border required the agreement of Belgium, but putting the line along the French-Belgian border relinquished Belgium to the Germans. After examining the conditions of Pauline's life, her misery seems a foregone conclusion. They find the house to find her parents to the east in northern Alsace in millions of cubic feet concrete. Since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security. [ 1 ], encounter... 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