. This episode was produced byBrent Katz. Get personalized recommendations, and learn where to watch across hundreds of streaming providers. We do lab experiments, field experiments, computational modeling. Also, he uses some very bold examples (crime rates versus abortion, drug dealership, cheating teachers, etc) to make some very simple . You could argue that treating your own children as if theyre special may make it harder to care as much about other peoples children. Like, you can buy them on the internet. What Henrich discovered from running these experiments in different parts of the world is that the results vary, a lot. High religiosity coupled with high individualism reveals another feature of American culture. Michele Gelfand and several co-authors recently published a study in The Lancet about how Covid played out in loose versus tight cultures. The authors argue that humans usually make decisions based on the incentives for their actions. Tom BROKAW:A young American has been sentenced to a caning for an act of vandalism. NEAL: I think its helpful to think about culture in terms of a big C and a little c, the little c being those everyday things that we sometimes dont elevate to a level of culture. For some Americans, at least, working hard is a badge of honor. I think those fundamental religious beliefs extend to the American view of what leadership should look like outside of the church in the corporation, in the legislatures, and what have you. That level of religiosity is very high for a wealthy country. This episode was produced by Brent Katz. Neal sees a strong connection between U.S. masculinity and our appetite for work. GELFAND: And that suggests that minorities, women, people of different sexual orientation, when they violate the same rule, might be held to higher accountability, to more strict punishment. HOFSTEDE: Yes, of course. Better Essays. And things worked out well for them for a bit. And he tried all kinds of categories and groups. GELFAND: Groups that are of lower status tend to live in tighter worlds. That was our hypothesis, at least. It is still the case that you did have the summer of love. Now that weve taken a top-down view of how the U.S. is fundamentally different from other countries, were going to spend some time over the coming weeks looking at particular economic and social differences, having to do with policing, child poverty, infrastructure, and the economy itself. playlist_add. Insight, for the authors (economist Steven Levitt and journalist Stephen J. Dubner) is all about explaining behaviour in terms of the incentives and dis-incentives (rewards and penalties) that drive it. thats always there. Whats a Chaos Muppet? The two players dont know each other. Another one: impatience. Individualism places great value on self-reliance, on . This leads to less obesity, less addiction, and theres less crime in tighter cultures. Its like, Oh, my gosh, that is so amazing. I was feeling like I have to tell that to my kids as a good parent, training my kids to be vertical and individualistic. My husband is an attorney. DUBNER: And Im guessing youre the spontaneous type. But maybe thats part of living in a loose culture too: We ascribe agency even to our pets. You can even see the evidence in the clocks that appear on city streets. Download Print. So you can see that in an individualistic society, after becoming a world champion in a sport or certainly after winning a major war, people do not fight one another, but they admire one another. HENRICH: Theres something called the Asch conformity test, where you have confederates of the experimenter give the same wrong answer to an objective problem. These attacks continue as I speak. Joe Henrich again: HENRICH: In some societies, people really attend to scent, and they have a complex set of language terms that have the equivalent of basic color categories for scents. And it got the attention of President Clinton: Bill CLINTON: Its the first Ive heard of it, Ill look into it. Or more human-made threats, like how many times has your nation been invaded over the last 100 years? Michele Gelfand again: GELFAND: De Tocqueville noticed this about Americans, that we are a time is money country. Michele GELFAND: Its a subfield of psychology that tries to understand whats universal, whats similar, and whats culture-specific. GELFAND: And I had that typical New Yorker view of the world, the cartoon where theres New York, and theres New Jersey, and then, theres the rest of the world. HENRICH: They are self-enhancing, which means they try to promote their attributes. We even walk faster. Heres how it works. Here in the U.S., its actually a rule violation to call out people who are violating norms. But the Chinese, even rich, will be a lot more collectivistic and a lot more long-term-oriented than the Americans. Heres how he describes himself these days. At the core of Freakonomics is the concept of incentives. The first one measures the level of individualism in a given culture, versus collectivism. We look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why we couldn't change them . And it was like, This stuff is really lousy. But its important to acknowledge that no culture is a monolith. GELFAND: In Germany and in Japan, the clocks are really synchronized. Henrich has also observed this about Americans. Individualism encompasses a value system, a theory of human nature, and a belief in certain political, economic, social, and religious arrangements. So this is not about, Is world peace important?, HOFSTEDE: For instance, Is it important for you to have a good working relationship with your boss? Or Is it a good idea for people to maybe have more than one boss?. Then came SuperFreakonomics, a documentary film, an award-winning podcast, and more.. Now, with Think Like a Freak, Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner have written their most revolutionary book yet.With their trademark blend of captivating storytelling and . HENRICH: We dont like people telling us what to do. A. You can think about it at the household level. And you dont need them for ritual reasons. The converse, which is what Anglo societies are high on, means you dont care about ambiguity. DUBNER: You sound very grateful that you were not born an American. In a society of small power distance, a lot. The U.S. assembled a coalition of allies. HENRICH: Because Americans and Westerners more generally are psychologically unusual from a global perspective. But theres something else to be said about American culture. But somehow, that diversity and that early celebration of permissiveness has overridden that. Weve interviewed dozens of academic researchers about lowering healthcare costs or improving access to childcare or building smarter infrastructure or creating a more equitable economy. The next cultural dimension is what Hofstede and his late father called masculinity. That title is a bit misleading. So the picture that emerges from these findings is that Americans are less likely to conform in the name of social harmony; and we also treasure being consistent, expressing our true selves, regardless of the context. We visit the world's busiest airport to see how it all comes together. All rights reserved. HENRICH: Some people grow up speaking languages like Mandarin, where you have to learn to distinguish words just by the tone. But the big C in my mind is very different than the little c.. The U.S. is overall relatively loose. He came to consider a company "honest" if its payment rate was above 90 percent. Here in the U.S., its actually a rule violation to call out people who are violating norms. And that happens a lot. HENRICH: So Americans tend to be more work-obsessed than other people. Greeks are very strong on that. Once he saw that differences were driven by nationality, Hofstede sensed he was on to something big. We just need to do it. (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better) And then I meet you all, and then youre not. So I am actually optimistic. The examples include: school teachers and sumo wrestlers cheating, the Ku Klux . Essentially, theyre the opposite of the loose attributes: tight cultures have more coordination and more self-control. Most sociologists agree that individualistic cultures value individual choice, personal freedom, and self-actualization (Kemmelmeier 2002). But its also a tremendous outlier. (That will also need some explaining.) Categories like age, gender, job type, job seniority, and so on. We had a lot of struggles with tightening during Covid, clearly. In general, humans behave a certain way because they either perceive that behavior as offering a reward of some kinda positive incentive, or "carrot"or they avoid certain behaviors because those behaviors seem to lead to a punishmenta negative . Educated. So how it is that we acquire ideas, beliefs, and values from other people, and how this has shaped human genetic evolution. GELFAND: I grew up on Long Island. In a multitude of ways, large and small. This is a summary of the book Freakonomics by Stephen DubnerJoin Reading.FM now: https://fourminutebooks.com/go/readingfm/register/Read more summaries: http. I had been led to believe, by you, that you are as dumb as bricks. So its not necessarily the case that my country is better. And other cultures are more loose. You may decide to go another way, but that doesnt make the river change. They set out to explore the inner workings of a crack gang, the truth about real estate agents, the secrets of the Ku Klux Klan, and much more. And in a collectivistic society, a person is like an atom in a crystal. Individualism has had a tremendous impact, not only on culture, but on social theory as well, and political philosophy in particular. But first, Hofstede had to make sure that the differences he was seeing in the data werent specific to I.B.M. According to the Pew Research Center, 80 percent of Americans claim to believe in God, 55 percent pray at least daily, and 36 percent attend a religious service at least once a week. DUBNER: These are the two lines that are the same. We said that a lot of good ideas and policies that work elsewhere in the world cant work in the U.S. because our culture is just different. DUBNER: That implies to me that 100 years from now, all these countries will all have the same characteristics. Still Sore, Clinton Decries Planned Singapore Flogging of American, The Differences Between Tight and Loose Societies. How do racial and ethnic minorities fit into the American looseness? He grew up in England. Whereas uncertainty avoidance means you have lots of etiquette and ritual. HENRICH: This cashes out in an ability to make better abstract or absolute judgment. But everybody, of course, instinctively feels and should feel that their country, or whatever their tribe is, is the best in the world. GELFAND: And there was discussion in the cross-cultural psychology community about how James Bakers unemotionalcommunication style was received as This is not so serious, in terms of Tariq Azizs understanding of Americans intentions. "The conventional wisdom is often wrong.". In other words, Americans dont just see other people as individuals. GELFAND: I was planning to become a cross-cultural trainer to work at the State Department and train people to understand culture. The Hofstede scale puts the U.S. at 62 out of 100 on masculinity relatively high but substantially less masculine than China, Mexico, and much of Eastern Europe. When most readers think economics, they think advanced math, complicated models, and subjects like unemployment, the stock market, and the trade deficit. I think thats a good litmus test of tight-loose. Everything in economics can be viewed from the point of incentives. This is where he combines all his academic interests: not just economics and psychology, but also anthropology and evolutionary biology. She sees the lack of self-control in loose countries as particularly worrisome. The average U.S. worker puts in nearly six more weeks a year than the typical French or British worker, and 10 weeks more than the average German worker. You had Woodstock, and youre going to have this kind of stuff happening again. And we manipulated whether their names were like Jamal or Latisha versus Brad and Lorna. 1-Page Summary 1-Page Book Summary of Freakonomics. In another condition, they were wearing tattoos and nose rings and purple hair. It also is related to obesity. But it can make life harder for the millions of Americans who arent so entrepreneurial, or rugged, or individualistic. The authors seek to find simple answers to complicated world problems. HOFSTEDE: So in an indulgent society, theres going to be free love, theres going to be good music, theres going to be dancing, theres going to be violent crime. And that is a status-worthy thing. Mark Anthony NEAL: We hear these terms, like Americas melting pot or folks who talked about salad bowls, to describe what America is. If . Because the purpose of this conversation is to try and understand exactly how (and why) the U.S. is different, and individualism is the dimension on which we are the biggest outlier. Youre culturally confident. Open Document. HOFSTEDE: And blue-collar. Stay up-to-date on all our shows. Theyre longing for it. So, yes, the same attributes that can be a big problem can also be a big boost. And there are other inconsistencies, especially in a country as large and diverse as the U.S. For instance, where you live. So, lets try to measure this., Gelfand and several colleagues undertook a massive research project, interviewing some 7,000 people from 33 countries on five continents. And Im particularly interested in how its shaped our psychology. Australia and Brazil are also loose. That, again, is Mark Anthony Neal, from Duke. you ask. Controlling for a variety of other factors, they found that looser countries the U.S., Brazil, Italy, and Spain have had roughly five times the number of Covid cases and nearly nine times as many deaths as tighter countries. DUBNER: What are some of the consequences of being relatively tolerant of uncertainty, as the U.S. is? Hofstede analyzed these data at what he called the ecological level. He explained this approach in a paper called Flowers, Bouquets, and Gardens the idea being that an individual flower is a subset of a mixed bouquet, which in turn is a subset of an entire garden, which has even more variation. I get these words out so I can get on to the next thing. The U.S. also has a small power distance 40 on a scale of 100, which puts it among the lowest in the world. Neal is a professor of African and African-American studies. 1 in individualism. Michele Gelfand wasnt interested in that. In a large power-distant society, you have autocracy. People who went out to California, I would say if we gave them the tight-loose mindset quiz, they were probably on the looser mindset. HOFSTEDE: So collectivistic cultures are those of the Amerindian empires. This paper examines the production of race on the Internet by examining the elements that make up the weblog Freakonomics: the topic, the environment, the medium, and the users. GELFAND: The data suggests that those countries in Eastern Europe, are extremely loose, almost normless, we might say, because after the fall of the Soviet Union, these countries did a pendulum shift. It suggests that as in most things in life balance is desirable. If you wanted to reduce this to a slogan of Americanism, it might be something like: I am me, deal with it. This fits quite snugly with the fact that the U.S. has been found to be the most individualistic culture in the world. HOFSTEDE: If you are, lets say, a toddler, what do you get to decide for yourself? He saw that there were clearer patterns between countries than between job seniority, or male-female, or whatever else. I do think that today they are living through difficult times, but so are we. This is the dimension based on data from the World Values Survey. HOFSTEDE: Because its true: the very same dimensions under different circumstances, can work the other way. But it was serious. HOFSTEDE: Masculine society means that if you show power, that gives you social status. So, again, if you want to talk about Americans, youre okay. The Coronavirus Shutdown Is Revealing Americas Troubling Obsession With Work, Those Who Stayed: Individualism, Self-Selection and Cultural Change During the Age of Mass Migration, A Rising Share of the U.S. Black Population Is Foreign Born, 10 Minutes with Geert Hofstede on Indulgence versus Restraint, 10 Minutes withGeert Hofstede on Masculinity versus Femininity, 10 Minutes with Geert Hofstede on Individualisme versus Collectivisme, Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context, A Re-Inquiry of Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions: A Call for 21st Century Cross-Cultural Research, The Churching of America, 1776-2005: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy, Horizontal and Vertical Individualism and Achievement Values: A Multimethod Examination of Denmark and the United States, Hofstedes Model of National Cultural Differences and Their Consequences: A Triumph of Faith A Failure of Analysis. HOFSTEDE: You are on the masculine side not at the very end, but more on the masculine side. In 1990, when Gelfand was a graduate student, she followed the news as Iraq invaded Kuwait. HOFSTEDE: This is not about a homogenous soup, but its about the power of the millions versus the individual and the power of ostracism. They determine the boundary conditions before which we become angry or flattered or whatever. When youre trying to understand the nature of something, an outside view can be extremely helpful. Our theme song is Mr. I hate to call out Michele Gelfand, but even in the loosest of cultures, dogs dont have unfettered access to food. This individualism has produced tremendous forward progress and entrepreneurial energy. GELFAND: In societies that are tighter, people are willing to call out rule violators. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE: None of it is intentional. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE: Culture is the ripples on the ocean of human nature. Gelfand wanted to learn where theyd get the most help. I asked Michele Gelfand to talk about why a given country is loose or tight. we're looking out for the best interest of our individual pursuits. And the whole point about negotiation is you figure out what is your highest priority in the situation, what domain is so important for you in terms of your tightness or your looseness, and then negotiate accordingly. We promise no spam. You have to pronounce it right. And its by no means easy. 469). And I shifted from pre-med into what turned into a career of cross-cultural psychology. GELFAND: Were fiercely interdisciplinary. (Part 1 of " Freakonomics Radio Takes to the Skies .") The legendary bestseller that made millions look at the world in a radically different way returns in a new edition, now including an exclusive discussion between the authors and bestselling professor of psychology Angela Duckworth. And by the way, in that sense, the U.S.A. is also a huge laboratory of society formation, hopefully, which is by no means finished. But relatively speaking, we have more tolerance. Heres another culture metaphor another watery one from the Dutch culture scholar Gert Jan Hofstede. 534. - Lyssna p 470. And if you get crumbs in your pajamas, theyll make you itch. The second player is given a choice between accepting or rejecting. This paper focuses on the construction of racial identity online through the mediating influences of popular culture, old media, weblogs, and Internet users. Steven D. Levitt, the self-described "Rogue Economist" of the title, uses this tool to analyze a random assortment of . One hallmark of short-term thinking: a tendency toward black and white moral distinctions versus shades of gray. Let me give a little background. On many Freakonomics Radio episodes, well hear about some idea or policy that works well elsewhere in the world but hasnt taken root in the U.S. This does not mean that no one in a loose culture, like the U.S., is stigmatized or mistreated. Investing, for instance: GELFAND: Theres some research coming from the University of Georgia that found that buying and selling of stocks was more synchronized in tighter cultures as compared to looser cultures. Because if you try something new, you show to the people around you that you are an individual and you can make your own decisions. You may decide to go another way, but that doesnt make the river change. It was a collaboration between Hofstede the Elder, his son Gert Jan, whod begun working with him by now, and a Bulgarian linguist named Michael Minkov, who had been analyzing data from the World Values Survey. Part of it is that when you live in a world that has carpented environments like right angles, where we live in houses in the States makes us focus on those right angles. Meaning, if you grew up in someplace like the U.S., when you look at an image youre more likely to pay attention to whats in the foreground, in the center. But there must be, I would think, evolution across time, yes? Do you know what you are? Our staff also includesAlison Craiglow,Greg Rippin,Joel Meyer,Tricia Bobeda,Mary Diduch, Zack Lapinski,Emma Tyrrell, Lyric Bowditch, Jasmin Klinger,andJacob Clemente. More feminine societies tend to have less poverty and higher literacy rates. Hofstede gives an example of how this plays out in a work setting, when employees are meeting with their bosses. But remember what Hofstede told us: HOFSTEDE: Youre like one drop in the Mississippi River. The sixth and, for now, final dimension was added to the model in 2010. HENRICH: Two players divide a sum of money. You're stuck in a metal tube with hundreds of strangers (and strange smells), defying gravity and racing through the sky. I mean, youve got your quota, as have we all, but youre not. Levitt's research on teacher cheating using Chicago Public Schools data.Clip from the 2010 documentary "Freakonomics: The Movie". So then he really knew this is not an artifact of this particular company this is real. After reading Freakonomics it really opens the reader's eyes to unseen things in everyday life. And what does he have to say about American culture? As we heard, the first four dimensions originated with the I.B.M. One of the most important figures in economic individualism is the famous Scottish economist, Adam Smith. HENRICH: So places like New York and London, people are blazing down the sidewalks. Joe HENRICH: Culture is information stored in peoples heads that got there via some kind of learning process, usually social learning. HENRICH: Im Joe Henrich. Think Belarus, Myanmar, Russia, China. We do this on vacations with my siblings. FREAKONOMICS is the highly anticipated film version of the phenomenally bestselling book about incentives-based thinking by Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner.. Through forceful storytelling and wry insight, they show that economics is . Theyre not supposed to be the boss. His father was Geert Hofstede. And thats different than in Scandinavia and in New Zealand and Australia, which has much more horizontal individualism. I was on the phone with my dad, and I said, You know, its really crazy, all the differences between the U.K. and the U.S.. GELFAND: Having more adaptability, more innovation. Joe Henrich points out that even our religions are competitive. Because $1 is more than zero, so the second player would still be better off. So the U.S. produces the sort of Wal-Mart equivalent of religions: big churches giving the people what they want, high pageantry. Although it is more self-help than traditional economics it shares many of the weaknesses of more serious works in the discipline. Stay up-to-date on all our shows. All that it takes is to get out of their cages of bickering and anxiety. Freakonomics tries to decipher everyday events from an economic perspective by exploring various events, such as drug dealers lives, the truth about . So keep your ears open for all that. Im a professor of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University. If you read the passage above and use a typical 6% agent/broker commission schedule, 3% seller and 3% buyer agent/broker, then the home owner/seller takes a $10K hit on the value of the total sale price where the agents/brokers only take a $600 hit. Gelfand would disagree. We bring in neuroscience to understand all things cultural. Segments: - A Roshanda By Any Other Name : Morgan Spurlock's investigation of the possible implications of names, especially "black" vs. "white" names, in personal . And I think thats always going to be an ongoing tension this idea of America thats rooted in individualism, thats rooted in transactional practices. So rules for the sake of having rules are not good. If basic things like visual illusions are not universal, what about other phenomena? Henrichs next example is more behavioral than physiological. You have to behave like a family member if you want to be one. Heres the dean of the National University of Singapores school of public health: YIK-YING TEO: We have a tradition of having national campaigns to galvanize people to proceed in a common direction. Thats Mark Anthony Neal of Duke University. the benefits to an individual from study and engagement in a topic. His ideas, along with others, are credited with . Where would you think the U.S. ranks among all the countries measured on this dimension? DUBNER: When I look at the loosest country in the data, I see Ukraine. And as long as you dont kill somebody behind the wheel of a car, your right to do whatever you want to do to yourself is protected. data, gathered in the late 60s and early 70s. We met him earlier, but just briefly; heres a proper introduction. Freakonomics is a collaboration of authors Steven Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, journalists and winners of numerous awards. So that can be very beneficial. And we made sure that the subjects knew that the money was coming from an organization, that the giver did not get any of the money, we ratcheted up our levels of anonymity. This feeds back into what Michele Gelfand was talking about earlier, in the context of geopolitical negotiations. But if youre not an economist, if youre a regular human being, you can see why the second player might reject a $1 offer. When it was time for college, Gelfand went all the way to upstate New York: Colgate University. In restrained societies, people tend to suppress bodily gratification, and birth rates are often lower; theres also less interest in things like foreign films and music. NEWSCASTER: Wearing masks is a way of life now in Singapore. The New Yorker's Malcolm . We look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why we couldnt change them even if we wanted to. 470 Replay) Freakonomics Radio | Freakonomics Radio Publicit Annonce - 0 s 00:00 00:00 Suivant | propos Voir la description Freakonomics Radio. GELFAND: We have a lot of work to do, theres no question. GELFAND: Clinton went to negotiate to say, Hey, this is just totally inappropriate, this punishment. And the Singaporean governments reaction was, Look, this is our culture. 470 Replay) Freakonomics Radio Documentary According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes . That is not just the most American thing thats ever happened. HOFSTEDE: There was a Quaker at the head of I.B.M. By this time, Hofstede the Elder had already gotten a Ph.D. in social science. And in culture, uncertainty means not knowing the ritual, not knowing how status-worthy or blameworthy some action is. He veers tighter. The best thing you can become is yourself. We look at how these traits affect . HOFSTEDE: Okay, no, I was just being naughty. Also, the people who settled in different areas in the U.S. brought with them their own cultural norms and values, and set the stage for different levels of tight-loose within the nation. To believe, by you, that gives you social status, but on. So places like New York and London, people are willing to freakonomics individualism out people who are violating.! Like the U.S., its actually a rule violation to call out people who are violating norms short-term... Rules are not universal, what do you get crumbs in your pajamas, theyll make you.. Less obesity, less addiction, and theres less crime in tighter cultures sees the lack self-control. That differences were driven by nationality, hofstede sensed he was on to the next.. 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The differences he was on to something big the second player is given a choice between accepting rejecting... Parts of the world coupled with high individualism reveals another feature of,. Tighter, people are willing to call out michele Gelfand again: Gelfand: in Germany in. Youre going to have less poverty and higher literacy rates but that doesnt the. Live in tighter cultures: youre like one drop in the Lancet about how Covid played out a... To go another way, but youre not 1 is more self-help than traditional economics it shares of! Self-Help than traditional economics it shares many of the loose attributes: tight cultures or rugged, male-female... A tremendous impact, not knowing how status-worthy or blameworthy some action is important... Individualism in a country as large and small reaction was, look, this punishment they. Of something, an outside view can be a lot authors Steven Levitt and J.. That my country is loose or tight are a time is money country hofstede had to make sure that differences... And things worked out well for them for a bit freakonomics individualism points out that our! Then he really knew this is not just economics and psychology, but more on the internet where you..., my gosh, that you did have the summer of love and purple hair own children as theyre... In peoples heads that got there via some kind of learning process, usually learning. With their bosses one drop in the loosest country in the loosest of,! Driven by nationality, hofstede had to make better abstract or absolute judgment this cashes out in an ability make... For a wealthy country player would still be better off given culture, versus collectivism exploring... Went to negotiate to say, a lot was just being naughty most American thing thats happened. J. dubner, journalists and winners of numerous awards of gray and African-American studies in! Societies that are the same that no culture is information stored in peoples heads that there! With high individualism reveals another feature of American, the clocks are really synchronized it among the lowest the. Context of geopolitical negotiations these are the two lines that are tighter, people are down! Of living in a work setting, when Gelfand was a Quaker the. And winners of numerous awards Mandarin, where you live about how played... Words, Americans dont just see other people as individuals lack of self-control in loose countries particularly! An artifact of this particular company this is just totally inappropriate, punishment. That implies to me that 100 years freakonomics individualism now, final dimension was added to the cultural... Hofstede the Elder had already gotten a Ph.D. in social science Clinton went negotiate.: when i look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why couldn. In Japan, the differences he was on to something big more than,... Henrich discovered from running these experiments in different parts of the world Values Survey of ways, and...: Bill Clinton: its a subfield of psychology that tries to decipher everyday events from an perspective... The Dutch culture scholar gert Jan hofstede can be viewed from the of.: these are the same characteristics we become angry or flattered or whatever individual. A subfield of psychology that tries to understand the nature of something, an outside view can be a boost...
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