The gender wage gap is often measured as the difference between average earnings of men and average earnings of women expressed as a percentage of average earnings of men. The United States Census Bureau defines the pay gap as the ratio between median wages that is, they measure the gap by calculating the wages of men and women at the middle of the earnings distribution, and dividing them. If men are ahead of women when it comes to earning money, theyre even farther ahead when it comes to saving it. The gender pay gap (or the gender wage gap) is a metric that tells us the difference in pay (or wages, or income) between women and men. The Human Development Report produced by the UN includes a composite index that captures gender inequalities across several dimensions, including economic status. This represents a slight four-year improvement compared to the 2021 estimate (136 years to parity). Women are often underrepresented in senior positions within firms. Gender pay gap differs widely by race and ethnicity Looking across racial and ethnic groups, a wide gulf separates the earnings of Black and Hispanic women from the earnings of White men. When the gender pay gap is calculated by comparing all male workers to all female workers irrespective of differences along these additional dimensions the result is the raw or unadjusted pay gap. Find, compare and share OECD data by indicator. At the other end of the range are Energy (20%), Manufacturing (19%) and Infrastructure (16%). As we discuss in our analysis of the determinants, the gender pay gap tends to increase when women marry and when/if they have children. Chefs had the second highest adjusted pay gap, with a gap of 24.6%, while C-suite execs were third with a gap of 24%. Other Scandinavian countries such as Finland (86%, 2nd), Norway (84.5%, 3rd) and Sweden (82.2%, 5th) feature in the top 5, with additional European countries such as Ireland (80.4%) and Germany (80.1%) in 9th and 10th positions, respectively. 3 In 2022, Black women earned 70% as much as White men and Hispanic women earned only 65% as much. On average, women globally are paid about 20 per cent less than men, the International Labour (ILO) Organization said on Sunday, International Equal Pay Day. For each specification, Blau and Kahn (2017) perform regression analyses on data from the PSID (the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics), which includes information on labor-market experience and considers men and women ages 25-64 who were full-time, non-farm, wage and salary workers. So, rather than reflect greater equality, the lower wage gaps observed in some countries could indicate that only women with certain characteristics for instance, with no husband or children are entering the workforce. Our World In Data is a project of the Global Change Data Lab, a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity Number 1186433). In many countries men are more likely to own land and control productive assets than women. (2008). By this measure the gender wage gap can be positive or negative. documentation files containing all the relevant indicator notes. The set of three maps here, taken from the World Development Report (2012), shows that today gender pay differences are much better explained by occupation than by education. Olivetti and Petrongolo (2008) show that this pattern holds in the data: unadjusted gender wage gaps across countries tend to be negatively correlated with gender employment gaps. With few women in managerial positions in the workplace or in parliament, the Angolan workplace is largely male-dominated, hugely affecting the average woman's wage as a result. As we can see: (i) in most countries the gap is positive women earn less than men; and (ii) there are large differences in the size of this gap across countries. Social norms and culture remain at the heart of family choices and the gender distribution of labor. 
WebFor the economy as a whole [1], in 2021, women's gross hourly earnings were on average 12.7 % below those of men in the European Union ( EU) and 13.6 % in the euro area. Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Gender gaps in the workforce: an emerging crisis. Goldin, C. (2014). Independently of the exact origin of the unequal distribution of gender roles, it is clear that our recent and even current practices show that these roles persist with the help of institutional enforcement. 
Available online at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf, For more discussion of the evidence see page 20 in World Bank (2011) World development report 2012: gender equality and development. pharmacists in the US), suggests that the gender pay gap could also be considerably reducedif firms did not have the incentive to disproportionately reward workers who work long hours, and fixed, non-flexible schedules.23, Changing these incentives is of course difficult because it requires reorganizing the workplace. What makes women seek job flexibility and take a disproportionate amount of unpaid care work? And this pattern is stronger among low-income households within low-income countries. Here we try to answer these questions, providing an empirical overview of the gender pay gap across countries and over time. Olivetti, C., & Petrongolo, B. (You can read about discrimination and equal pay for equal work in our post here). Both discrimination and inequality are important. Italy (11.11% gender wage gap) Italy has a gender pay gap of 11.11%, the tenth best among OECD Countries. 
This is the definition used by the ILO. The gender pay gap was at 1.17 percent. 
Secondly, we see that there are important differences by age. The proportion of women is lower the higher you look up the income distribution. Lundborg, P., Plug, E., & Rasmussen, A. W. (2017). So, rather than reflect greater equality, the lower wage gaps observed in some countries could indicate that only women with certain characteristics for instance, with no husband or children are entering the workforce. The results from this study are shown in the chart. Complementing Global Gender Gap Index statistics, high-frequency data from LinkedIn for 22 countries provides a snapshot of women's representation in leadership in 2022: only select industries have levels near gender parity in leadership, such as Non-Governmental and Membership Organizations (47%), Education (46%), and Personal Services and Wellbeing (45%). The scatter plot here shows available ILO estimates on the gender pay gap (vertical axis) vs GDP per capita (on a logarithmic scale along the horizontal axis). You can explore these exceptions using the documentation files containing all the relevant indicator notes. Values closer to 100% reflect a lower gap. You have permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. Europe has the second-highest level of gender parity, currently standing at 76.6%. This blog post is closely related to a companion article where we discuss the drivers of the gender pay gap. In the US, female pilots earn 73 cents for every dollar earned by men - a gap of 26.6% - which is five times larger than the US adjusted gender pay gap of 4.9%. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. Tied with Finland, Mexico has the ninth most significant gender pay gap among OECD countries, with women earning 16.5% less than the median male wage, according to data from OECD. All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. What does it tell us? To answer this question, lets consider this chart showing available estimates from the OECD. Help us do this work by making a donation. In 2010, unionization and education show negative values; this reflects the fact that women have surpassed men in educational attainment, and unionization in the US has been in general decline with a greater effect on men. The two charts allow us to answer the initial questions: Overall, despite recent inroads, we continue to see remarkably few women making it to the top of the income distribution today. The fact that middle-income countries have low gender wage gaps is, to a large extent, the result of selection of women into employment. With an average population-weighted score of 63.4%, Middle East and North Africa has the second-largest gender gap yet to close, after South Asia. However, evidence from different contexts suggests. Over 45% of women dont have even $300 in savings, as The gender wage gap is defined as the difference between median earnings of men and women relative to median earnings of men. Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license. Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license. In this entry we present data and research on economic inequalities between men and women. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) This year, the Global Gender Gap Index benchmarks 146 countries, providing a basis for robust cross-country analysis. As we show above, in several nations, such as Sweden and Denmark, a motherhood penalty in earnings exists, even though these nations have generous family policies, including paid family leave and subsidized child care. But what is it? education and experience; and (iii) Adjusted, controlling for a full range of covariates, including education, experience, job industry and occupation, among others. The gender pay gap is smaller in middle-income countries which tend to be countries with low labor force participation of women. At this pace, the region will need 168 years to close the gender gap. This adds to a growing global health burden of mental and emotional disorders, which is disproportionately affecting women's health and well-being. Webochsner obgyn residents // gender wage gap in different countries. (iv) Gender disparities in politics, measured by sex rations in parliamentary seats. Third, we can see that education and experience used to help explain a very large part of the pay gap in 1980, but this changed substantially in the decades that followed. 1. WebThe gender wage gap is defined as the difference between male and female median wages divided by the male median wages. Our World in Data presents the empirical evidence on global development in entries dedicated to specific topics. At the current rate of progress, it will take 132 years to reach full parity. Both discrimination and inequality are important. In this case male and female pseudo-job-seekers were given similar CVs to apply for jobs waiting on tables at the same set of restaurants in Philadelphia. Goldin, C. (2014). However, the chart shows that the relationship is not really linear. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-018-9384-z, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/Complete-Report.pdf. We highlight world regions by default, but you can add specific countries by using the option Latinas, Black women and Native American women all experience wider pay gaps than the average for all women. Goldin (1988), for instance, examines past prohibitions against the training and employment of married women in the US. American Economic Review, 90(4), 715-741. Differences in pay between men and women capture differences along many possible dimensions, including worker education, experience and occupation. Men in the European Union earned approximately 13 percent more than women in 2020, with Latvia having the biggest gender pay gap of 22.3 percent in this year and Luxembourg having the lowest at 0. At first sight, this seems like good news it suggests that today there is less discrimination, in the sense that differences in earnings are today much more readily explained by differences in productivity factors. In almost all countries, if you compare the wages of men and women you find that women tend to earn less than men. The gender pay gap is smaller in middle-income countries which tend to be countries with low labor force participation of women. The full source is: World Development Report (2012) Gender Equality and Development, World Bank. Italy (11.11% gender wage gap) Italy has a gender pay gap of 11.11%, the tenth best among OECD Countries. Here is a map showing scores on this index (higher scores denote more economic opportunities for women). As we can see, almost everywhere, including in many rich countries, women are less likely to get borrowed capital for productive purposes. Earnings: Gross earnings: decile ratios, Snapshot of data for a fixed period (data will not change even if updated on the site). One chart shows the proportion of women out of all individuals falling into the top 10%, 1% and 0.1% of the income distribution. The Gender Inequality Index from the Human Development Report only has data from 1995. The Educational Attainment subindex also improved steadily towards parity, with step-changes in 2008 and 2015. However, the chart shows that the relationship is not really linear. In some cases the reduction is remarkable. However, these observed differences are far from being biologically fixed gendering begins early in life and the evidence shows that preferences and skills are highly malleable. Does the law mandate equal remuneration for females and males for work of equal value? Furthermore, gender gaps are substantially smaller in online enrolment than in traditional education. Flickr/David Stanley. Understanding the family gap in pay for women with children. These estimates include OECD member states, as well as some other non-member countries, and they are the longest available series of cross-country data on the gender pay gap that we are aware of. Sub-Saharan African countries Rwanda (81.1%, 6th) and Namibia (80.7%, 8th), along with one Latin American country, Nicaragua (81%, 7th), and one country from East Asia and the Pacific, New Zealand (84.1%, 4th), also take positions in the top 10. This happens in some countries, such as Malaysia.). Before we get into the details, here is a preview of the main points. Olivetti and Petrongolo (2008) explain it as follows: if women who are employed tend to have relatively highwage characteristics, low female employment rates may become consistent with low gender wage gaps simply because lowwage women would not feature in the observed wage distribution.2. In 2022, Central Asia reports the fourth-highest regional score out of the eight regions, just after North America, Europe, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The gender pay gap affects women of different ethnicities and races differently. But this was not the case for men with children, nor the case for women without children. Copy the URL to open this chart with all your selections. One of the most important economic trends of the late 20th century was the dramatic increase in the number of women entering the paid labour force. This index, called the Gender Inequality Index, measures inequalities in three dimensions: reproductive health (based on maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates); empowerment (based on proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by females and proportion of adult females aged 25 years and older with at least some secondary education); and economic status (based on labour market participation rates of female and male populations aged 15 years and older). But what is it? On this front there is again a great deal of evidence in support of the so-called motherhood penalty. The scatter plot here shows available ILO estimates on the gender pay gap (vertical axis) vs GDP per capita (on a logarithmic scale along the horizontal axis). To a companion article where we discuss the drivers of the gender pay gap affects women different. 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