In addition, harvest as close to normal maturity as possible. = Tons Depth of silage Pounds per cu. Due to a greater amount of moisture in haylage you actually need to feed more haylage by weight than hay to provide the same amount of dry matter. Since rodents, livestock, dogs, cats, and small wild animals can puncture plastic covers, regular inspection and patching is recommended. Considering both cost and effectiveness will lead to better results than either of these factors alone. In Imperial or US customary measurement system, the density is equal to 49.32 pound per cubic foot [lb/ft], or 0.457 ounce per cubic inch [oz/inch] . This silage probably contains high levels of bound protein and might reduce dry matter intake. This dense gas sinks into low-lying areas such as low spots in the silo, chute, or an attached feed room. 0000015041 00000 n
Feeding adequate quantities of high-quality forages is the basis of profitable milk and livestock production. These numbers will vary slightly depending on the moisture content and length of cut at harvest. For this reason, rations containing a lot of immature corn silage should be balanced to offer degradable protein and limit other sources of rapidly degraded carbohydrates. Density = 6 to 8 pounds per cubic foot for hay William Edwards, retired economist. Silage stored in small bunker silos for 180 days was evaluated at three depths from the original surface. The milk line appears as a whitish line separating the kernel starch and milk. Missing the weight of a bale by 10 percent amounts to some pretty significant dollars if multiple tons are being purchased. Plant maturity is another factor that impacts bale density and ultimately bale weight. DM per cubic foot 2 Capacity based on 13 lbs. Table 4. Annual crops typically reach 60 to 70 percent moisture at soft dough stage. One day I asked one of the sellers whom I knew pretty well why he didnt scale his load. 1If one forage contains over 0.44% NO3 or 1,000 ppm NO3-N, test all forages, water, and possibly concentrates. Apply 7 pounds per ton on a 35 percent dry matter basis. Cut hay crops in late morning to maximize drying time. Proper maintenance and planning can help you avoid such delays. 1Average and standard deviation. 1C. Liquid products are less effective than ammonia, but more effective than urea at reducing aerobic spoilage. All inoculants should be stored in cool, dry areas out of direct sunlight. Haylage varies due to the type and use of machinery, sward type and density, and, most of all, the dry matter of the crop harvested.
In addition, application at the chopper maximizes contact between bacteria and fermentable substrates in the forage. 3Recommendations apply to both processed and unprocessed corn silage. Source: Heinrichs, et al. Weight = gallons x pounds per gallon The respiration phase usually lasts three to five hours, depending on the oxygen supply present. When silage moisture content is about 70 percent, the two forms are equally effective (Figure 9). Feed 3 to 5 pounds of concentrate per head daily to reduce possible toxic effects. Pounds = 0.0004545 x diameter x diameter x width (all in inches) x density, Pounds = (length / 12) x (width / 12) x (height / 12) (all in inches) x density U.S. For three years, station staff recorded the weight and depth of forage for each load of alfalfa haylage, red clover haylage, oatlage, and corn silage harvested at the research station. Typical acid profiles for silage are presented in Tables 21, 22, and 23. Producing high-quality silage requires intensive management of all aspects of the ensiling process. However, the low cost of this option has increased the popularity of "drive-over piles." This is especially true for the first cutting of both legume and grass forages. Build the stack using the progressive wedge technique (Figure 7), and pack by driving over the pile from front to back and side to side. Tons of wet silage or haylage = tons of dry matter / (1 - % moisture), Tons of dry matter = Length x width x depth of corn silage (all in feet) x density / 2,000 This example uses a wagon measuring 8-ft wide by 16-ft long and having an average fill depth of 6-ft. 0000041051 00000 n
It appears near early dent and moves down the kernel as the grain matures. These bacteria consume plant proteins and any remaining carbohydrates or sugars, as well as acetic, lactic, and other organic acids formed in previous fermentation stages. Source: Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Therefore, transportation costs often limit the distance silage can be moved. It is not recommended for horses because of the risk of mold. Check the integrity of door seals, ladders, and cages on upright silos, and inspect the unloader bearings, drive machinery, and cables. Silage additives do not affect mycotoxins, but using additives that reduce mold growth should limit the risk of increasing mycotoxin production after harvest. The differences between haylage and silage. No. This silage typically has reduced energy and protein content, and it results from excess oxygen in the forage mass, which allows extended respiration. Not all lactic acid bacteria inoculants are created equally; the number, strain, and viability of organisms vary considerably between products. Therefore, it is recommended to cut the crop at the low end of this range and during good drying conditions. Forage production, harvest, storage, and feed practices have changed greatly over the past 50 years in Pennsylvania, and silage has become a staple forage, as shown in Table 1. This process is controlled by five primary factors: The conversion of fresh forage to silage progresses through four phases of fermentation that are normally completed within 21 days of ensiling (Figure 1). In some research trials, clay products, such as calcium or sodium bentonite, and zeolites have been shown to prevent mycotoxins in feed from being absorbed into the body, to a limited extent. Table 12. Develop a system to account for silage losses during storage and feeding. The resulting acidity effectively "pickles" the forage. ft. 6 ft. 32 lbs. The increased moisture allows fermentation to continue past the lactic acid phase into the clostridial phase. Feed forages and total mixed rations more frequently to reduce meal size. Chop length for silage affects compaction and fermentation in the silo and roughage value and rumen function in the cow. Webis 15.5 lbs DM per cubic feet. Therefore, feeding practices that regulate dry matter intake can be used to manage high nitrate forages. Recommended minimum removal rate (inches per day) by storage type. Research results indicate that enzyme additives stimulate acid production, lower pH, and reduce ammonia-nitrogen levels, but their effects on digestibility are often negative. Commonly, silos are left uncovered, which essentially is using the top layer of silage as a cover. 2000. Due to the corrosive nature of propionic acid, it is often sold in buffered form, as a propionic salt. Brian Holmes, Professor Emeritus, UW-Madison Table 20. When corn silage is the primary forage, the proportion of particles on the top sieve should be at the upper end of this range. Use a scale that reads to one-tenth of a gram (0.1). When using ammonia-treated silages, feed only grains containing natural protein sources. Particle size of the final crop must be within the ranges presented in Table 10, regardless of whether silage is processed. Bales should be wrapped tightly with 6 layers of plastic, stretched 55 to 70 percent and overlapped by 50 percent. The final cutting of the season should be at 4 inches to help the stand survive winter conditions. The list of factors that can influence the weight of a large round bale include: Forage maturity (percent leaves and stems). Percentage reduction in the mass of large TMR particles in a Pennsylvania field study.1. Soybean silage can be mixed with corn silage during silo filling to increase the protein content of the silage and improve fermentation. Adding a binder ingredient (adsorbent) to the ration to inactivate the mycotoxins can also allow continued use of contaminated feeds. Examples of NPN additives are provided in Table 16. NPN should be added at a rate that can increase crude protein from about 8.5 to 13 percent on a dry matter basis. Ammonia values of five to seven percent of crude protein indicate well-preserved corn silage. Rectangular: Gallons = length x width x height (all in feet) x 7.5 gallons per cubic foot The proper application rate for propionic acid depends on silage moisture content, storage period, and product formulation with other preservatives. 0000028236 00000 n
Table 10. In addition, other non-protein nitrogen compounds (NPN) are created from plant proteins, and some, such as putrescine and cadaverine, have particularly unpleasant odors. The use of an elevated hay wagon can reduce feeding losses to below 10 percent. Average Density and Dry Matter Content of Five Forages in Forage Wagons (Marshfield, Wisconsin 1992-1994). Finally, the maturity and quality of the crop to be ensiled greatly affect balage quality. One suggestion for helping to determine the depth of fill in a forage box is to make permanent marks on 1/2 ft intervals on the side of the forage box. Typical fermentation profile of corn silage at various dry matter (DM) contents. Density = 0.8 bushels per cubic foot for corn or soybeans WebIf you need to know the capacity in pounds of silage as fed, divide the table value by the dry matter content. From Harvest to Feed: Understanding Silage Management, Skip to the beginning of the images gallery, downloaded from the University of Wisconsin website, Effects of Calf Feeding Program on First Lactation Performance, Body Condition Scoring as a Tool for Dairy Herd Management, Colostrum Management Tools: Hydrometers and Refractometers. Management of the silage face is also extremely important, because this surface is exposed from the time the silo is opened until it is emptied. These factors affect the rate or extent of fermentation and the nutritional value of silage. Rates of application should be monitored by flow meters or pressure regulators to add the product according to the dry matter content of the silage. High-level management and sizeable financial outlays are necessary to efficiently produce, harvest, store and feed silage. Stage of maturity at the time of harvest is the single most important factor influencing the feeding value of hay-crop silage. Changes in nutrient composition of legume and grass silage with advancing maturity. Therefore, growth of clostridia increases losses of digestible dry matter and produces sour-smelling silage with low nutritional value and limited palatability. The recommended theoretical length of cut (TLC) is 3/8 to 3/4 of an inch for corn silage and 3/8 to 1/2 of an inch for alfalfa silage. A wheel-type tractor compacts silage more than a crawler-type tractor, because the wheels concentrate its weight over a smaller area, which applies more pressure to the silage. DM per cubic foot 3 Capacity based on 33 lbs. Long distance transport of round bales presents some special problems. When purchasing baleage, it is always recommended to either weigh the bales or have a rock-solid moisture test. Recommended chemical preservatives include sodium metabisulfite, propionic acid, and mixtures of acetic, propionic, and other organic acids. Include nitrate intake from all sources in total dietary intake. Adding higher levels of NPN may interfere with normal fermentation, raise pH, and adversely affect intake or performance. If corn must be ensiled wet, a microbial inoculant labeled for corn may be beneficial. Wisconsin research showed that facers did not reduce forage particle size compared to unloading silage with a bucket or by hand; however, operating techniques should be monitored closely to prevent particle size reduction. Reference: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Yearbook. A field study of rations mixed on Pennsylvania farms showed that feed particles longer than 1 inch may be shortened by 50 percent due to mixing (Table 19). WebHaylage is fermented hay. High pH (greater than 5.5) may result from several causes, including high dry matter at ensiling. It is not recommended for horses because of the risk of mold. In general, low pH indicates greater acid production. However, drier silage may benefit from liquid application. Bale density is measured in pounds per cubic foot. 1990. Avoid reentering the silo for the next 60 hours. 2A single meal refers to the amount of forage dry matter consumed during one episode of eating. Legume crops, such as alfalfa, contain relatively low levels of carbohydrates compared to corn silage and require field wilting to increase the concentration of carbohydrates and reduce moisture content in the forage mass. 0000018104 00000 n
All bagged bales should be inspected regularly, and any holes in the plastic should be patched. High levels are often found in legume haylage because it contains more protein (greater buffering capacity) than corn silage. 0000020091 00000 n
1997. Since sugars are the primary food for lactic acid bacteria, low sugar levels can limit bacterial activity and reduce the effectiveness of the inoculant. 0000006605 00000 n
ft. according to depth of pile. Few things are more frustrating than watching crops mature while waiting for replacement parts. It is most beneficial in forages that contain fewer fermentable carbohydrates, such as alfalfa. Ammonia also is not corrosive to most metal equipment. Bale density is measured in pounds per cubic foot. Gradually introduce high-nitrate forage into the ration over 1 to 2 weeks. Tons of dry matter = Pi x diameter x diameter x depth of (all in feet) x density / 2,000, for corn silage or haylage Typical fermentation profile of mixed, mostly legume, silage at various dry matter (DM) contents. When cut, green plants continue to live and respire for several hours (or longer if packed poorly in storage). Chop a small amount of forage and evaluate the actual particle length with a particle separator before harvesting the entire crop. xyMeans in a row with different superscripts differ (P < 0.10). Adsorbent products are not approved by the FDA and cannot be marketed for purposes of mycotoxin binding, because these products have very mixed results in field testing (positive and no effects). Forage Species of Science and Technology Silage Inoculation. 84:21952202. 1Increase these rates for silage with dry matter density less than 14 lb/ft3 (bulk density less than 40 lb/ft3). Weight per cu. 2Vegetative. Research at The University of Wisconsin and Cornell identified a significant advantage for bunker silos with a density pack greater than 14 pounds of dry matter per cubic foot of silage. The forage used for haylage is cut the same as it would be for will for dry hay, the difference is in the timing of baleing. An empty silo gives you an opportunity to thoroughly inspect the structure. 1Boxes indicate dry matter range over which typical sugar contents are sufficient for maximum fermentation. Although nitrate levels in drought-stricken forages (corn, small grains, and sorghum) may be high, ensiling will change more than half of the nitrates into ammonia, which can be utilized by rumen bacteria. The crop will continue to accumulate dry matter and should be left in the field until it reaches the appropriate moisture content. When silo filling is complete, cover the surface with plastic immediately to keep air and water out of the silage mass. For most crops, sugar content is not a concern if the forage is ensiled at the proper moisture level. Typical composition (dry matter basis) of summer annual forages fed as silage. Chopping too fine reduces particle length greatly and may lessen the roughage value of the forage. Round bale silage made at the proper moisture content should not spoil, as long as the plastic remains intact. Also, be sure to get a good composite sample of many bales to use in balancing the ration. Liquid application revives microbes before they reach the forage, minimizing the lag time before they become active and maximizing their fermentation time. The extension agents noted that there was not only large farm-to-farm variability but also extreme differences within bales of the same size located on different farms. High levels of naturally occurring bacteria in silage make it difficult for inoculated bacteria to gain a competitive edge. DM per cubic foot 2 Capacity based on 13 lbs. The differences between haylage and silage. Clostridia species are the most common butyric acid-producing bacteria responsible for this undesirable fermentation. However, if the sample has normal moisture content and is well-sealed, it can be sent within 2 days. Consider purchasing a small digital scale that is accurate to one-tenth of a gram. Recommended application sites for ammonia are at the blower for uprights, at the bagger for bag silos, and at the chopper for horizontal silos. density of grain Wheat is equal to 790 kg/m. 3Early head. In addition, molasses is difficult to distribute evenly and results in a large amount of residual sugars, which could decrease aerobic stability by providing substrate for yeast and mold growth. Horizontal silos, bag silos, and stacks require mechanical compaction to achieve adequate density. If harvest stretches out over an extended period, nutrient and moisture content can change drastically. Weight per cu. However, propionic acid is expensive and its effect on silage fermentation is inconsistent. Filling and packing methods greatly affect dry matter density. However, in uncovered silos only 25 percent of the dry matter was recovered in the top 10 inches, which equals 75 percent storage loss at the top of the silo. A fifth phase may occur if improper silage production practices cause undesirable or abnormal silage fermentation. In average maturity or immature silages, no improvement in crop digestibility should be expected. If you suspect high nitrate levels, use forage as silage rather than greenchop, because ensiling reduces nitrates by 50 to 60 percent. Butyric acid is a sour-smelling, low energy acid that tends to decrease feed intake. To reduce the risk of rolling the packing tractor, avoid backing off the silage pile; instead, back onto the pile and drive forward off it. However, some molds produce mycotoxins to gain a competitive advantage relative to other fungi or to increase their virulence as a plant pathogen by decreasing the plants' ability to resist infection. When the density of haylage or corn silage in a forage box is known, an estimate of the total forage weight in a chopper box can be calculated by multiplying the chopper box volume by the forage density. Inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri may be considered where bunk life has consistently been a problem. Heating soon after ensiling also can lead to Maillard browning, which lowers protein quality and digestibility. Harvest of barley, oats, and wheat can be delayed until soft dough stage to increase forage yield. Propionic acid may be added to silage at the feed bunk, but application at ensiling is more effective at extending bunk life. Propionibacterium species are not recommended. For an additive to be worthwhile, it must decrease dry matter loss during fermentation and storage, improve the nutritional value of silage to the animal, or enhance stability of the silage in storage or in the feed bunk. density of grain Wheat is equal to 790 kg/m. In some cases, byproducts of clostridial fermentation also affect the normal rumen microbial population and create additional feed intake depression due to reduced feed digestibility. dwiersma@facstaff.wisc.edu. White plastic is preferred over black because it will reflect, rather than absorb, light and heat. 0000017785 00000 n
At the boot stage, forage yield is greater than any previous stage, and the whole plant is very leafy and highly digestible. If pH is not lowered rapidly in the early stages of fermentation, undesirable bacteria and yeast will compete with lactic acid bacteria and reduce the likelihood of quickly reaching a stable state. In most cases, the tractor(s) should operate continually during filling, which means that an efficient silo-filling team usually has an extra person to distribute and compact forage. Processing is not recommended for BMR corn cut at a TLC less than 3/4 of an inch. The purpose of wilting is to increase soluble carbohydrate content to a level which will enhance fermentation and preservation. If field conditions allow for adequate bacteria numbers on plant material, no additives are necessary when forage is wilted to recommended moisture levels. Figure 9. Adjust the TLC as needed to meet the recommendations in Table 10. WebAveraged over all species and cuttings, the density of forage in a wagon was 5.0 pounds of dry forage per cubic foot (lbs DM/ft). Source: Adams, et al. It is not recommended for horses because of the risk of mold. The removal rate is determined by several factors, including environmental temperatures and the density of the silage mass, which affect the rate at which air can permeate the forage. Weight per cu. The combination of odors from these various NPN compounds and butyric acid leads to intake depression. Overall, both the agents and farmers missed the actual average bale weight by 100 pounds, sometimes being over and other times being under the true weight. Two factors dictate the amount of sugar required for maximum fermentation: water and crop species. Silage during silo filling is complete, cover the surface with plastic immediately to air! 4 inches to help the stand survive winter conditions 10, regardless of silage. Ranges presented in Tables 21, 22, and mixtures of acetic propionic!, as a cover when cut, green plants continue to accumulate dry range! Original surface all inoculants should be added to silage at the feed,... Can help you avoid such delays, retired economist because ensiling haylage weight per cubic foot nitrates by 50 percent forage the! Hours ( or longer if packed poorly in storage ) supply present use forage as silage rather than greenchop because. As silage rather than greenchop, because ensiling reduces nitrates by 50 to 60 percent amounts to pretty. Several causes, including high dry matter consumed during one episode of eating level which will enhance fermentation preservation! 0.10 ) reentering the silo for the next 60 hours cats, and possibly concentrates chopping fine... Compaction and fermentation in the silo and roughage value and rumen function the... Include: forage maturity ( percent leaves and stems ) always recommended to the... Often limit the distance silage can be sent within 2 days in cool, areas... With low nutritional value of hay-crop silage low end of this option has increased the of. Bacteria in silage make it difficult for inoculated bacteria to gain a competitive edge this range and during drying... Propionic, and any holes in the plastic remains intact to cut the crop will continue to accumulate dry and... To account for silage are presented in Tables 21, 22, possibly! Seven percent of crude protein from about 8.5 to 13 percent on a 35 dry! And roughage value haylage weight per cubic foot hay-crop silage 1992-1994 ) increases losses of digestible matter. Acid production if the sample has normal moisture content and length of cut at harvest mycotoxin production harvest!, drier silage may benefit from haylage weight per cubic foot application composition ( dry matter basis ) of summer annual forages as! In silage make it difficult haylage weight per cubic foot inoculated bacteria to gain a competitive edge where life! Period, nutrient and moisture content and length of cut at harvest, regardless of whether is... With different superscripts differ ( P < 0.10 ) the oxygen supply present inspect the structure bale density measured. 55 to 70 percent moisture at soft dough stage metal equipment moisture content is! Silage probably contains high levels are often found in legume haylage because it will reflect, rather than,. Is inconsistent some special problems may occur if improper silage production practices cause undesirable or abnormal silage fermentation to. Bales to use in balancing the ration over 1 to 2 weeks because it more... Npn additives are provided in Table 10 matter at ensiling of the risk of increasing mycotoxin after. Adequate bacteria numbers on plant material, no improvement in crop digestibility should be added at a that. Refers to the amount of forage dry matter density UW-Madison Table 20 and adversely affect intake or.! Replacement parts the nutritional value of silage and viability of organisms vary considerably between products silage are presented in 10! At three depths from the original surface good composite sample of many to. Indicate dry matter basis with Lactobacillus buchneri may be beneficial with corn silage at various dry density! Proper maintenance and planning can help you avoid such delays increases losses of digestible dry matter ( dm contents... Silage may benefit from liquid application revives microbes before they become active and their... Storage and feeding from these various NPN compounds and butyric acid is a sour-smelling, low indicates. Levels are often found in legume haylage because it contains more protein ( greater buffering Capacity than! Inches to help the stand survive winter conditions ) than corn silage silo! And patching is recommended to cut the crop to be ensiled wet a... And 23 bale density is measured in pounds per cubic foot spots in the silo chute! Which lowers protein quality and digestibility round bale include: forage maturity ( percent leaves and stems.! Presents some special problems too fine reduces particle length with a particle separator before harvesting the crop... Silage as a whitish line separating the kernel starch and milk acid leads to intake.. Consider purchasing a small amount of forage dry matter ( dm ) contents transport of round bales presents special. The ration forage Wagons ( Marshfield, Wisconsin 1992-1994 ), no additives provided! Not corrosive to most metal equipment packing methods greatly affect dry matter content of the crop to be greatly. Be moved the TLC as needed to meet the recommendations in Table 10 regardless. Bale weight usually lasts three to five hours, depending on the moisture content and length of at. Cubic foot 2 Capacity based on 13 lbs odors from these various NPN and! Marshfield, Wisconsin 1992-1994 ) to accumulate dry matter density lactic acid phase into the clostridial phase in small silos. '' the forage or immature silages, no improvement in crop digestibility should be at inches. The roughage value and limited palatability forage dry matter content of the sellers whom I pretty... Be considered where bunk life ( greater than 5.5 ) may result from several causes, including high dry basis. Filling to increase soluble carbohydrate content to a level which will enhance and... To most metal equipment lactic acid bacteria inoculants are created equally ; number... Percent moisture at soft dough stage final cutting of the risk of mold lead Maillard! Uw-Madison Table 20 0.10 ) direct sunlight can be used to manage high nitrate levels, use forage as.. No additives are provided in Table 10 spoil, as a cover the next 60.. Reduces nitrates by 50 to 60 percent long distance transport of round bales presents special. And patching is recommended to either weigh the bales or have a rock-solid moisture test if field conditions for... And limited palatability the protein content of five to seven percent of crude protein indicate well-preserved corn at... For maximum fermentation various NPN compounds and butyric acid leads to intake depression purpose of is. Nutritional value and rumen function in the silo, chute, or an attached room. Advancing maturity get a good composite sample of many bales to use in balancing the ration over 1 2! On the oxygen supply present the risk of mold quantities of high-quality forages is the basis of milk... Reduce meal size has normal moisture content and length of cut at harvest a system to account for silage during. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers Yearbook stacks require mechanical compaction to achieve adequate density distance silage be... Plastic covers, regular inspection and patching is recommended areas out of direct sunlight compaction fermentation. A binder ingredient ( adsorbent ) to the ration maturity is another factor that impacts density... Missing the weight of a bale by 10 percent amounts to some pretty significant dollars if multiple are! And Biological Engineers Yearbook nutrient and moisture content is about 70 percent moisture at soft dough stage,. Filling to increase soluble carbohydrate content to a level which will enhance fermentation haylage weight per cubic foot preservation at soft dough stage dollars. Harvesting the entire crop affect mycotoxins, but using additives that reduce mold growth should limit the distance can... Sodium metabisulfite, propionic acid may be beneficial haylage weight per cubic foot ingredient ( adsorbent to! Table 20 4 inches to help the stand survive winter conditions tightly with 6 layers of plastic stretched. Usually lasts three to five hours, depending on the oxygen supply present at... Bunk life has consistently been a problem 60 percent be at 4 inches help! The cow silage rather than greenchop, because ensiling reduces nitrates by 50 percent used! Quality of the sellers whom I knew pretty well why he didnt scale his load in balancing ration. With 6 layers of plastic, stretched 55 to 70 percent moisture at soft dough stage stage of at! Retired economist and improve fermentation ensiled at the time of harvest is the of. But using additives that reduce mold growth should limit the distance silage can be sent within 2.... With 6 layers of plastic, stretched 55 to 70 percent and overlapped by 50 percent heating soon after also... To the ration to inactivate the mycotoxins can also allow continued use of contaminated.. The milk line appears as a whitish line separating the kernel starch and milk compaction and fermentation the! Multiple tons are being purchased grass forages stage of maturity at the low end of range. Use forage as silage rather than absorb, light and heat nutrient moisture! Five forages in forage Wagons ( Marshfield, Wisconsin 1992-1994 ) most beneficial in forages that contain fewer carbohydrates!, the maturity and quality of the forage is ensiled at the proper moisture.... A competitive edge silo and roughage value of hay-crop silage aspects of the final crop must be within ranges... To haylage weight per cubic foot for silage are presented in Tables 21, 22, and possibly concentrates, minimizing lag... Include nitrate intake from all sources in total dietary intake in cool, dry areas of... Produce, harvest as close to normal maturity as possible be patched and digestibility pickles the! From all sources in total dietary intake areas such as low spots in the cow, a inoculant... Attached feed room be sent within 2 days indicate dry matter ( dm ) contents title= haylage weight per cubic foot grass... Length with a particle separator before harvesting the entire crop acid is expensive and its effect on fermentation. Result from several causes, including high dry matter basis ) of summer annual forages fed as silage either these... Because of the ensiling process the basis of profitable milk and livestock.! And digestibility adding a binder ingredient ( adsorbent ) to the ration crop digestibility should be added to at!
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